English Colonies in America

1. English Colonies in America

2. Southern Colonies • 1.) Maryland • Lord Baltimore was the 1st proprietor of the colony • 2.) Virginia • 3.) North Carolina • 4.) South Carolina • 5.) Georgia • Founder: James Oglethrope

3. Virginia • Virginia Company • Headright System: principal mean of attracting new settlers was through a system of land grants • Jamestown • England’s first permanent settlement in North America • Captain John Smith: • Leader in Jamestown that would keep the colony together through tough times

4. Problems in Jamestown • 1.) Jamestown’s population was made up of townspeople that were unfamiliar with living in the country • Unfamiliar with raising livestock and growing crops • Many upper-class “gentlemen” refused to do manual labor • Unstable political system • Sickness, food shortages and lawlessness

5. Problems in Jamestown • “Tobacco saves the colony” • Tobacco would be the crop they would use to trade to England for money • House of Burgesses • 1st representative government in North America, but the Virginia Company had to approve any law it passed

6. North Carolina • Home to many farmers • Tobacco would become a major crop grown in N.C. and would become a major export

7. South Carolina • Viewed as being more valuable than N.C. because of its soil and location closer to the water (ports) • Ex: Charles Town (Charlestown) • Many of the earliest cities in colonial North America were located along bodies of water

8. Georgia Experiment • Initially to help those that were poor start over • It was also used as a buffer between the English Carolinas and Spanish owned Florida • St. Augustine was the first permanent European settlement in North America (1565) set up by the Spanish

9. Europeans Migrate to the Colonies • Migration from England • Immigrants were indentured servants • Poor immigrants who paid for passage to the colonies by agreeing to work for 4 to 7 years • Prior to 1660 many English left their homeland because of religious and political turmoil, high unemployment and low wages

10. Southern Economy • Commercial Agriculture (Big Farms) • Cash Crops • Tobacco became the main cash crop in the south • Rice and Indigo became the major cash crop in S.C. • Plantations • Large commercial estates where many laborers lived on the land and cultivated the crops for the landowner

11. Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) • Bacon’s Rebellion • Desire for land by the Backcountry Farmers • 1.) Number of colonists was increasing on a regular basis so the land was becoming very rare • Available land controlled by Native Americans • 2.) The Gentry were not interested in causing problems with the Native Americans • 3.) Nathaniel Bacon would organize his own militia and attack the Native Americans

13. Slavery: The Demand for Africans • The first Europeans to explore Africa were the Portuguese during the 1400s • Initially interested in trading gold but colonization of the Americas changed their goals • Mid 1600s, most colonies began to pass laws that supported permanent enslavement of Africans

14. Slavery: European Advantages of Using Africans • 1.) Africans had been exposed to European diseases and built up some immunity • 2.) Africans had experience in farming and could be taught plantation work • 3.) Africans were less likely to escape because they did not know their way around the land • 4.) Skin color made it easier to catch them if they escaped and tried to live among others

15. Slavery in the Southern Colonies • The Middle Passage • The difficult journey slaves endured crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas • 1.) Chained and crammed into ships for more than a month • 2.) Prisoners could hardly sit or stand and were given very little food or drink • 3.) Africans who became sick were thrown overboard • 4.) Those who refused to eat were whipped

16. Slavery in the Southern Colonies • Slave Codes • A set of laws that formally regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people • VIRGINIA SLAVE CODE “All servants imported and brought into the country…who were not Christians in their native country…shall be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion…shall be held to be real estate. If any slave resist his master…correcting such slave, and shall happen to be killed in such correction…the master shall be free of all punishment…as if such accident never happened.”

18. Exit Slip • Why do you think the slave trade flourished so long? What impact did the slave trade have on Africa and the Americas?

19. Remainder of Class: 1.) http://purposegames.com/ Click on Games Game: 13 Original Colonies

20. Take out notebook for notes

21. Middle Colonies • 1.) New York (Albany) • 2.) Pennsylvania • 3.) New Jersey • 4.) Delaware

23. Pennsylvania • Pennsylvania • William Penn, Jr. • Wanted to find a place where Quakers could practice their religion without persecution • Capital: Philadelphia

24. Pennsylvania • Quakers Beliefs: • Believed that everyone had their own “inner light” from God • There was no need for church or ministers • Even the Bible had less authority than a person’s inner light • Objected to all political and religious authority, including forcing people to pay taxes or serve in the military • Believed in Pacifism • Opposition to war or violence as a means to settle disputes

25. Economy of Middle Colonies • Cash Crop: Wheat

26. Colonial Review

27. New England • 1.) Connecticut • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut • Document giving structure and power to the government in a small New England colony • 2.) Massachusetts • Founded by the Puritans • Wanted to purify the Anglican church of Catholic elements • 3.) New Hampshire • 4.)Rhode Island

28. New England • Plymouth, Massachusetts • Was made up of Pilgrims searching for religious freedom and to avoid persecution • Pilgrims • Mayflower Compact • First governing document of the Plymouth Colony

29. Massachusetts • John Winthrop • “A City UponAHill” • It was important for Puritans to be successful in Massachusetts while many other were expecting them to fail

30. Massachusetts • Government in Massachusetts • Church and State • Government should help the church • Everyone REQUIRED to attend church • Government collected taxes to support the church and regulate behavior • People that challenged Puritan beliefs were considered a threat to the community • Ex: Roger Williams • Expelled from the Massachusetts Bay colony because he supported a separation of church and state • Founded the Colony of Rhode Island

32. New England • Economy • 1.) Small farms • Agriculture was less important than in the Southern and Middle Colonies • Practiced subsistence farming • 2.) Fishing Industry • Fishing and whaling were major industries • 3.) Shipbuilding and lumbering • 4.) Sawmills

33. New England Society • Puritan Society • Puritans lived close to the church or meetinghouse and were expected to attend Sunday worship, sermons and religious lectures • Sermons reinforce the Puritan way of life which included living according to strict rules regulating their daily lives • No card games, dice, dancing or stage plays • Holy Watching • Puritans also felt a moral responsibility for their neighbors • Watch over their neighbor’s behavior was elevated to a religious duty

34. Traditions of English Government • Magna Carta-English nobles created this document that limited the power of the king’s ability to tax them and guaranteed due process or the right to a trial • English Parliament • Bicameral (House of Lords and House of Commons) • Only men with property could vote

35. A Measure of Self Rule • Colonial gov’ts varied • N.E. est. republic • Elsewhere: Crown appointed governor (share power w/ colonists)

36. Glorious Revolution Results in Bill of Rights • Glorious Revolution-overthrow of King James II replaced with King William and Queen Mary • English Bill of Rights • Guaranteed freedoms and restated rights of the Magna Carta • Habeas corpus • No standing army • Glorious Revolution encouraged England to adopt salutary neglect • England allowed it’s colonies local self rule but expected colonial cooperation with its economic policies and assistance in the empire’s wars against France and Spain

37. England’s Economic Relationship • Relationship was driven by financial concerns • Mercantilism: Nations or empires could build wealth and power by developing it’s industries and exporting manufactured goods in exchange for gold and silver

38. Great Awakening • Religious revival that promised the grace of God to all who could experience a desire for it • George Whitefield • aka George Whitfield • Jonathan Edwards