1. Muscle, muscletissuetendons Dr. Anna L. Kiss Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Semmelweis University Budapest 2017

2. General myology Musculature: actívecomponent of themovement Structure: striatedmuscle (skeletal) tendons: denseconnectivetissue connectivetissuesheath: fascia (epimysium)

3. Muscletissue • Smooth muscle • Stiated muscle • Cardiac muscle Function: contraction Origin: mesoderm Structure: cellsor „fibers”

4. Smooth muscle • phylogenetically the most ancient type • spindle shaped cells • slow, non-synchronized, unvoluntary contraction • actin and myosin are NOT arranged in registers • internal organs wall

5. Smooth muscle Nucleus: in the middle of the cells

6. Smooth muscle thick filaments: myosin thin fialments: actin dense bodies: to help the contraction

7. Contraction of smooth muscle

8. Smooth muscle contraction Forthecontraction: Caion:caveolae Ca-binding protein: calmodulin Contractile protein: actin+myosin ATP

9. Striated(skeletal) muscle

10. Striated muscle: a.) skeletal b.) visceral c.) cardiac Structure: muscle fibers: multinucleated giant cells (syncitium: fusion of the embryonic myoblasts) lenght: > 30cm diameter: 10-100 µm

11. Skeletalmuscle

12. ElectronMicroscopicpicture Sarcomere: functional unit

13. Structural unit of thestriatedmuscle: sarcomera Muscle fibers myofilaments: contractile proteins: actin and myosin regularly arranged cross striation

14. Sarcomereduringcontraction

15. Skeletal muscle

16. Contractileproteins Thinfilaments Myosinhead: actinbinding site + ATP binding thickfilaments

17. Sarcomere

18. mysosine binding site mysosine head

20. Forthecontraction of theskeletalmuscle: • contractile proteins: actin and myosin • Ca2+ (stored in sER) • impulse transfer from the sarcoplasm to sER-re (triads) • ATP (directly from kreatin phosphate, 20 mmól/kg) • mitochondria • oxigen (myoglobin + haemoglobin) anaerob (fermentation) aerob (biological oxidation) glikogén

21. Triád: a.) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels: T-tubules (transverse) SR ciszterna b.) Ca 2+ -ATP-ase Ca 2+ outflow Ca 2+ back to the SER

22. Types of the skeletal muscle „white” muscle „red” muscle size small large fibers diameter slow fast contraction light (white) color dark (red) numorous few numorous few numorous few fat in the cytoplasm fewer numorous glycogen in the cytoplasm fewer larger amount bigger resistancy smaller

23. Cardiac muscle

24. Cardiac muscle • cells (bifurcation; X or Y shaped branching cells) • cross striation: actin and myosin are in register • nucleus is in the middle of the cells • intercalated disc (Eberth’s line – junctions) • lots of capillaries • lipofuscin by aging

25. Cardiac muscle • Intercalateddisc: • specialjunctionsbetweencells • fastimpulsecinduction

26. Intercalated disc (Eberth’s line) • fascia adherens • desmosoma • gap junction (nexus)

27. Cardiac muscle

28. Finestructure of thecardiacmuscle • diad • large amount of mitochondria

29. impulse condacting cells: Purkinje cells non-differentiatedmusclecells!!

30. proximal end: origin belly tendon distal end: insertion

31. Structure of the tendon tendon sheath a.) outer, fibrous layer b.) inner, synovial layer mesotendon

32. Muscle • shape: spindle, triangular, quadrangular, flat • venter (belly), caput (head), tendineous intersection, aponeurosis, • unipennatus, bipennatus,

33. biceps spindle unipennate bipennate