Religion Wrap Up

1. Religion Wrap Up

2. Branches of Christianity • Roman Catholic (51%) • Protestants (24%) • Orthodox (11%)

3. Roman Catholic • Roman Catholics accept the teaching of the Bible, as well as the interpretation of those teachings by the Church hierarchy, headed by the Pope • According to the Roman Catholic belief, God conveys His grace directly to humanity through seven sacraments Hierarchy • Pope • Archbishops • Bishops • Priests

4. Protestant • Originated with the principals of the Reformation in the 16th century • Reformation movement is regarded as beginning when Martin Luther posted 95 thesis on the door of the church at Wittenberg • According to Luther, individuals had primary responsibility for achieving personal salvation through direct communication with God • Grace is achieved through faith rather than through sacraments performed by the church

5. Orthodox • A collection of 14 self-governing churches in Eastern Europe and the Middle East • More than 40% of all Orthodox Christians belong to one of these- Russian Orthodox • Christianity came to Russia in the 10th century and the Russian Orthodox Church was established in the 16th century • the Romanian Church, includes 20% of all Eastern Orthodox Christians

6. 14 self-governing churches • Russian 11)Constantionaple • Romanian 12) Alexandria • Bulgarian 13) Antioch • Greek 14) Jerusalem • Serbian • Albania • Cyprus • Georgia • Poland • Sinai

7. Orthodox • Comprises the faith and practices of a collection of churches that arose in the eastern part of the Roman Empire • The split between the Roman and Eastern churches dates to the fifth century as a result of a rivalry between the Pope of Rome and the Patriarchy of Constantinople • Orthodox Christians accepted the seven sacraments but rejected doctrines that the Roman Catholic church had added since the 8th century

8. Branches of Islam • Sunnis comprise 83% of Muslims and are the largest branch in most Muslim countries • The word Sunni comes from the Arabic for “people following the example of Muhammad” • Shiites comprises 16% of Muslims and make up the majority of those living in Iran • The word Shiite comes from the Arabic word for “sectarian”

9. Islam • Differences between the two main branches go back to the earliest days of Islam and basically reflect disagreement over the line of succession in Islamic leadership • Muhammad had no surviving son and no follower of comparable leadership ability

10. The Muslim population of North America and Europe has increased rapidly in recent years • France has the largest Muslim population in Europe at about 4 million, a legacy from immigration from predominately Muslim former colonies in North Africa • Germany has about 3 million that have immigrated primarily from Turkey

11. Sikhism • Estimated 23 million Sikhs • All but 3 million Sikhs are clustered in the Punjab region of India • Sikhism’s first guru was Nanak who lived in present day Pakistan • Sikhs believe God was reveled to Guru Nanak as the One Supreme Being, or creator, who rules the universe by divine will

12. Baha'i' • Estimated 7 million Bahia's • Dispersed in many countries, mostly in Africa and Asia • The Baha'i religion is even more recent than Sikhism • It grew out of the Babi faith, which was founded in Shiraz, Iran • Bahia's believe that one of the Babs disciples was the prophet and messenger of God

13. Ethnic African Religions • Approximately 100 million Africans. 12 % of the continents people, follow traditional ethnic religions, sometimes called animism or indigenous • They believe that such inanimate objects as plants and stones or natural events such as thunderstorms are “animated” or have discrete spirits and conscious life • Relatively little is known because few holy books or other written documents exists • They are passed down from one generation to the nest by word of mouth

14. The rapid decline in animists in Africa has been caused by increases in the numbers of Christians and Muslims • Africa is now 46% Christian and 40 % Muslim

15. Origins • Buddhism goes back 2500 years • Christianity 2000 years • Islam 1500 year

16. Buddhism Branches • Theravada is the older of the two branches of Buddhism. Means the “way of the elders”; indicating their belief that they are closer to Buddha's original approach • Mahayana split from the Theravada about 2,000 years ago. Its translated as “the bigger fairy” or “raft.” • Mahayanists claim that their approach to Buddhism can help more people because it is less demanding and all-encompassing

17. Holy Places • Ethnic religions typically has a less widespread distribution than a universalizing one in part because its holy places derive from the distinctive physical environment of its hearth, such as mountains, rivers or rock formations • A universalizing religion endows with holiness cities and other places associated with the founders life.

18. Buddhist Shrines • Eight places are holy to the Buddhist because they were important in Buddha’s life • EX. Lumbini in Southern Nepal , where Buddha was born around 563 BC

19. Islam Holy Places • The holiest places in Islam are associated with the life of the Prophet Muhammad • The holiest city for Muslims is Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad • Mecca contains the holiest object in the Islamic landscape, the Ka’ba • The Ka’ba is thought to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael and contains the stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as a sign of the covenant with Ishmael and the Muslim people

20. Holy Places in Sikhism • Sikhism’s most holy structure, the Darbar Sahib, or Golden Temple, was built at Amritsar in Punjab by the fifth guru

21. The Calendar • Universalizing and ethnic religions have different approaches to the calendar • In ethnic religions its holidays are based on the distinctive physical geography of the homeland • In universalizing religions major holidays relate to events in the founders life

22. Religious Settlements • A utopian settlement is an ideal community built around a religious way of life • The culmination of the utopian movement in the United States was the construction of Salt Lake City by the Mormons

23. Autonomous • Some universalizing religions are highly automous religions, or self-sufficient, and the interaction among communities is confined to little more than loose cooperation and shared ideas