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Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 1 Notes. The Science of Biology. What is Science?. Science - an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world. Biology - science that seeks understanding of living world “bios” = life “logy” = study of. The Goal of Science. Investigate and understand nature.

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Chapter 1 Notes

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  1. Chapter 1 Notes The Science of Biology

  2. What is Science? • Science - an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world

  3. Biology - science that seeks understanding of living world • “bios” = life “logy” = study of

  4. The Goal of Science • Investigate and understand nature.

  5. Explain events in nature

  6. Use these explanations to make useful predictions

  7. Observations • All science begins with observations

  8. There are two types of observations • Quantitative

  9. Qualitative The statement "the flower is purple" is a(n)  a)  hypothesis   b) inference   c) quantitative observation   d) qualitative observation

  10. Quantitative vs Qualitative • Quantitative - involve numbers • There are two birds at the feeder”

  11. Qualitative - involve characteristics • “One of the birds has a red head”

  12. Inferences • Observations alone are not of much use • Scientists use observations to make inferences • Inference - logical conclusions based on prior knowledge and experience

  13. Examples of Inferences • What inferences can you make?

  14. Tools/Measuring System • Scientists use the Metric System • Metric System (SI) is universal and easy to convert units

  15. Length - mm,m,cm

  16. Metric System Prefix Table • Prefix Symbol Multiplication Factor Power of 10 • yotta Y 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 +24 • zetta Z 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 +21 • exa E 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 +18 • peta P 1,000,000,000,000,000 +15 • tera T 1,000,000,000,000 +12 • giga G 1,000,000,000 +9 • mega M 1,000,000 +6 • kilo k 1,000 +3 • hecto h 100 +2 • deka da 10 +1 • deci d 0.1 -1 • centi c 0.01 -2 • milli m 0.001 -3 • micro µ 0.000,001 -6 • nano n 0.000,000,001 -9 • pico p 0.000,000,000,001 -12 • femto f 0,000,000,000,000,001 -15 • atto a 0,000,000,000,000,000,001 -18 • zepto z 0,000,000,000,000,000,000,001 -21 • yocto y 0,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001 -24

  17. Volume - L,mL,cm3

  18. Mass - g,mg,kg

  19. Types of Microscopes • Compound Light Microscopes - Specimen must be thin for light to pass through

  20. Magnification due to the bending of light

  21. Total Magnification = Eyepiece Mag. X Objective Mag.

  22. Types of Microscopes • Stereoscopes - Dissecting • More 3D viewing. • Solid specimens; light reflects back to eye • Two eyepieces

  23. Types of Microscopes • Electron Microscopes • 1000 times more powerful than light microscopes • Cannot examine live specimens

  24. Compound Light Microscope - parts • Eyepiece - what you look through

  25. Body Tube - provides distance for proper bending of light • Revolving Nosepiece - Rotates to change objectives

  26. Compound Light Microscope - parts • Objectives - Magnify image (scan, low, high) • Stage Clips - Holds slide in place

  27. Stage - Where slide is placed • Diaphragm - regulates light passing through specimen

  28. Compound Light Microscope - parts • Light Source - provides light to pass through specimen • Base - Supports Microscope (hand underneath when carrying) • Arm - Place one hand here when carrying

  29. Compound Light Microscope - parts • Fine Focus - Slight adjustments in focusing • Course Focus - Large adjustments in focusing

  30. The Scientific Method • Scientific Method - stepwise approach to solve everyday problems (not just “science” problems)

  31. Scientific Method Steps • State the Problem • Form a Hypothesis • Set up a Controlled Experiment • Independent Variable - what changes • Dependent Variable - what responds to the change • Constants - stay the same

  32. Scientific Method Steps • Record Results • Analyze Results • Make a Conclusion

  33. You are camping and you go to turn on your flashlight and it doesn’t work. So what is wrong with it?

  34. Characteristics of Living Things • Made of Cells

  35. Reproduce

  36. Universal Genetic Code DNA

  37. Grow and Develop

  38. Use Energy

  39. Responds to Environment

  40. Characteristics of Living Things • Maintain Homeostasis (internal balance) Homeostasis" is the maintenance of a "steady state", a state of chemical and physical consistency in the face of changes in the surroundings. Maintenance of such a steady state requires a sensitivity and appropriate response to even small changes

  41. Change over time (as a group)

  42. Levels of Life • Biology deals with life at various levels from the smallest molecule to the Earth as a whole.

  43. Levels of Life (smallest to largest) • Molecule - groups of atoms; smallest unit of chemical compounds

  44. Cells - smallest unit of life

  45. Groups of Cells - tissues, organs, organ systems

  46. Levels of Life (smallest to largest) • Organism - individual living thing

  47. Population - group of organisms of one type that live in the same area

  48. Community - Populations that live together in a defined area

  49. Levels of Life (smallest to largest) • Ecosystem - Community and its nonliving surroundings

  50. Biosphere - All ecosystems combined

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