Chapter 1 Section 1 Notes

1. Our Social World Chapter 1 Section 1 Notes

2. Guide to Reading Main Idea Modern technology has helped to bring the world’s diverse peoples closer together. Terms to Know Section 1-1 ethnic group  custom minority group  majority group Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

3. The World Next Door American communities include various groups of peoples called ethnic groups.  An ethnic group is a group of people who have a common origin, and share a language and a history.  Often ethnic groups are also minorities.  A minority group is a group of people whose culture, race, sex, or ethnic origin is different from most of the people in the region. Section 1-9 (pages 23–25) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

4. The World Next Door (cont.) Sometimes, but not always, the minority group is treated differently from the majority. The majority is the group in society that controls most of the wealth and power; however, it is not always the largest group in numbers.  Schools are the place where most young people first meet people from other ethnic groups. Section 1-10 (pages 23–25) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

5. Technology Shrinks the World • World not really shrinking but seems it • Contact with different cultures • Need to learn to understand & respect differences • Global Village idea

6. Inventions Change the World • Communication • Phones - fiber optic cables • Satellites – tv and radio- news instantaneous • Cellular phones • Transportation • Air travel – jet planes • Trains – bullet train – subway systems • Automobiles • Steamboat

7. Internet Technology • Information • Cable and satellite • Computer • Home computer • Internet • Cellular devices

8. World Next Door • Global Village • Exposed to people from all over world

9. Ethnic Groups • Location of Origin • Language • Customs • History

10. Minority Groups • Different from Group with most power, wealth, or largest numbers • Can be gender, ethnic, racial or other

11. Majority Group • More than 50% population • More than any other group • Group with most power and wealth • South Africa example

12. Building Bridges • Schools – first exposure to different cultures • Middle School – groups of like identity form • Sociologists – study organized groups of people • Education can help “build bridges” • Learn about other cultures • People fear unknown

13. Recalling Facts Culture Explain the difference between a minority group and an ethnic group. Section 1-14 An ethnic group shares an origin, language, or history while a minority group is different from those who hold most of the power. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

14. Recalling Facts (cont.) Place In what country was the group that controlled the wealth and power not the largest ethnic group? Section 1-15 In South Africa the group that controlled the wealth and power was not the largest ethnic group. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

15. Recalling Facts (cont.) Technology In what way is technology shrinking the world? Give examples. Section 1-16 Technologies allow us to move around and communicate at will. We have access to information at our fingertips at all times. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

16. Critical Thinking UnderstandingCauseandEffect Why do you think minority groups are sometimes treated differently from the majority? Section 1-17 Possible answer: Minority groups are sometimes treated differently because they look or sound different. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

17. Critical Thinking (cont.) Making Comparisons What do you think it means that some groups are divided by religious beliefs and values? Section 1-18 Some people think their beliefs or values are superior and are unaccepting of the beliefs of others. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

18. Applying Social Studies Skills Interpreting Time Lines Look at the time line on page 23 of your textbook. During which century were most modern communication and modern transportation invented? Section 1-19 Most modern communication and transportation were invented in the 20th century. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

19. Defining Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. C __ 1. group of people who are different in some characteristic from the group with the most power and wealth in a region __ 2. group in society that controls most of the wealth and power, though not always the largest group in numbers __ 3. people who share a common culture, language, or history __ 4. practice handed down from the past A. ethnic group B. custom C. minority group D. majority group Section 1-13 D A B Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

20. Chapter 1 Section 2 Notes

21. The Social Sciences Social scientists– scientists who study the interaction of people and society. Anthropologists- study people and societies.  Sociologists- study human behavior as it relates to groups of people.  Human geographers- look at people and their environments.  Historians- study past events Section 2-6 (pages 27–28) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

22. What Is Culture? Culture is the way of life of people who share similar beliefs and customs.  The culture of a people also includes their government, food, music, religion, literature, and the ways they make a living. Judging other people in terms of one’s own culture and standards is called ethnocentrism. Section 2-8 (pages 28–30) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

23. What Is Culture? (cont.) Cultural borrowing is when one group of people adopts another group’s culture traits. Cultural diffusion is how a culture spreads from one area to another.  Today, cultural diffusion occurs through radio, television, telephones, computers, and the Internet. Section 2-9 (pages 28–30) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

24. Important Lessons in History History is the story of the past. History also tells how past conflicts influence the present.  Studying history can also teach us important lessons and can guide our behavior in the present. Section 2-12 (pages 30–31) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

25. What is meant by the well-known saying, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”? This means if we do not study our own history, we may end up making the same mistakes of earlier generations. Section 2-13 (pages 30–31) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

26. Government Is Necessary • People need rules in order to live together without conflict. • In countries, rules are created by governments or rulers. • First set of written laws was? Section 2-14 (page 31)

27. Governments- Limited or Unlimited • In a limited government, constitutions or other laws set limits on the power of government officials. • Democracyand constitutional monarchies are forms of limited government. The United States is a representative democracy. In a representative democracy, people elect representatives who then make and enforce laws. Great Britain has a constitutional monarchy, where there is both a king or queen, and an elected government. The queen does not have unlimited power.

28. Governments- Limited or Unlimited • In an unlimited government, power belongs to the ruler or rulers. • Unlimited governments include dictatorships and absolute monarchies. • Dictators often take and or keep power by force, and can be good or bad leaders. • Absolute monarchs usually inherit power through families. Section 2-15 (page 31) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

29. What is an example of a dictatorship and what is an example of an absolute monarchy? An example of a former dictatorship wasSaddam Hussein’s rule in Iraq. In an absolute monarchy, kings or queens are born into ruling families. Their power is inherited and unlimited. King Fahd ibn Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarch. Section 2-16 (page 31)

30. Balancing Our Wants and Needs The different ways people and nations go about meeting their daily needs are known as economic systems. All economic systems are concerned with producing goods.  In a traditional economy, people meet their needs based on their customs. Section 2-17 (page 32) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

31. Balancing Our Wants and Need (cont.) Under a command economy, government makes all the decisions. Communism and socialism are mainly command economies. Section 2-18 In a market economy, individuals make most of the decisions about what to produce, who will want it, how much to produce, and how much to charge. Capitalism is a market economy. Most nations have a mixed economy. (page 32)

32. How is the United States a mixed economy? The United States prides itself on its market economy. However,the government may regulate prices or set rules, as in the airline industry and companies that provide gas and electricity. Section 2-19 (page 32) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

33. Differences in Development Countries differ in how much manufacturing and industry they have. Industrialized (developed) countries –much manufacturing and technology occur. They hold 97 percent of all patents (rights to inventions). Developing countries - are working toward industrialization. They lack technology and industry. Section 2-20 (page 35)

34. Recalling Facts Culture What four groups of scientists study society? Section 2-24 The four groups of scientist that study society are: anthropologists, sociologists, human geographers, and historians.

35. Recalling Facts (cont.) Government People in the United States who call themselves Americans believe in certain political values. What are they? Section 2-25 People of the United States believe in freedom of speech, free public education, and the right to practice a religion of their choosing.

36. Recalling Facts (cont.) Culture What are the main agents of cultural diffusion today? Section 2-26 The main agents of cultural diffusion today are the radio, television, telephones, computers, and the Internet.

37. Defining Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. D __ 1. government under the control of one all-powerful leader __ 2. type of government where, through law, some control is placed on leadership’s powers __ 3. way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs __ 4. when a group of people adopt another’s cultural traits __ 5. government in which a king or queen is the official head of state, but elected officials run the government A. culture B. cultural borrowing C. limited government D. dictatorship E. constitutional monarchy C Section 2-23 A B E Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

38. Chapter 1 Section 3 Notes

39. Guide to Reading Main Idea All over the world people are moving from one place to another looking for freedom, jobs, and a better life.  Terms to Know Section 3-1 • migrate • responsibilities • interdependence • globalization • urbanization • refugee • rights Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

40. Human Migration Migrate-or move, in great numbers. • When people leave villages and farms and move to cities, it is called urbanization. • The most common reason people move to cities is to find jobs. • Refugees are people who are forced to leave their homeland because of wars or unjust governments. Section 3-5 (pages 34–35) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

41. What are some of the problems faced by refugees? Refugees often do not speak the language or know the customs of the people in their adopted countries. They usually must work at the lowest-paying jobs and often without benefits earned by other workers. Section 3-6 (pages 34–35) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

42. Population Growth There has been a rapid increase in world population in recent years. • An increase in the number of people means that more food is needed. • Since 1950 world food production has increased faster than population on all continents except Africa. • Because so many people in Africa need food, bad weather or war can ruin crops and bring disaster. Section 3-8 (page 35)

43. What are some other problems of rapidly growing populations? Populations that grow rapidly may use resources more quickly than populations that do not grow as fast. Some countries face shortages of water and housing. Section 3-9

44. Conflict and Cooperation As technology brings us closer together, nations are beginning to understand the importance of cooperation. Section 3-10 Disagreement over land is a common reason for conflict between groups and nations. This is especially true when one culture has been displaced, or moved, by another culture. Example- Israel (page 36)

45. Conflict and Cooperation (cont.) Other conflicts are about religion, race, and politics. When groups and nations cooperate, they work together to find peaceful solutions to problems. Section 3-11 (page 36)

46. What is an example of conflict between nations, and what are two examples of cooperation? • The Israelis and Palestinians have been fighting over land for more than 50 years. • The country-members of the European Community and the North American Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA] work together to benefit all members. Section 3-12 (page 36)

47. Civic Participation Civic participation is being concerned with the public affairs of a community, state, nation, or the world. In a democracy, rights are benefits and protections guaranteed to you by law.  In a democracy, responsibilities are duties that you owe to your fellow citizens to make sure that the government continues. Section 3-13 (pages 36–37)

48. Civic Participation (cont.) In totalitarian governments, the people have no rights. Section 3-14 Their responsibilities are to obey the laws of the land. (pages 36–37)

49. What are some examples of responsibilities in a democracy? A major responsibility of democratic citizenship is voting. You also have a responsibility to respect the property and privacy of others. Section 3-15 (pages 36–37) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

50. Globalization Interdependence is when countries depend on one another for goods, raw materials to make goods, and markets in which to sell goods.  Section 3-16 The World is sometimes referred to as a “global village” because in a village, people depend on each other (often people from very different backgrounds) to provide what they need to live. Around the world, countries depend on each other as well. (pages 37–38)