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Reconciliation of work and family: children with disabilities

Reconciliation of work and family: children with disabilities. Joris Ghysels Faculty of Political and Social Sciences Centre for Social Policy Herman Deleeck (CSB) University of Antwerp. Overview. The data source: FFCS Panorama: the organisation of care for children in Flanders

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Reconciliation of work and family: children with disabilities

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  1. Reconciliation of work and family: children with disabilities Joris Ghysels Faculty of Political and Social Sciences Centre for Social Policy Herman Deleeck (CSB) University of Antwerp

  2. Overview • The data source: FFCS • Panorama: the organisation of care for children in Flanders • Side-kick: children living in deprived families • Children with a handicap • Care • Brothers and sisters • Deprivation as a determinant of care • Conclusion

  3. The data source: FFCS • Survey of nearly 3000 families during the school-year 2004-2005 • 1929 Families with youngest <16 (Pop.Register) • 458 Families with a child with a handicap (Government Agency: Vlaams Agentschap voor Personen met een Handicap) • 434 Deprived families (Government Agency: Kind en Gezin) • Questions about parent(s) and children • Time Use frames (parents & children) • Questions asked to every parent in the household (not separated), not to children

  4. The time-use of parents: the use of care facilities is not generalised For all Flemish families with children (0-15), the following picture emerges on a ‘normal working week’: 36% Formal care (crèche, child minder, at school,…) 17% Informal care (almost exclusively grandparents) 28% Do not need care, because (at least) one parent has no job 6% Do not need care, because children stay home alone 13% Do not use care facilities, because parents organise their working schedule in a way that avoids care use  47% of the families organises it by themselves in a regular week

  5. The use of care facilities (youngest) With preschool children (minus 3): 32% Child minder 24% Nursery (crèche) 14% Grandparents 28% No care facilities used With school-age children (3 to 15): 13% Grandparents 12% School (pre- & afterschool care) 5% IBO (Initiatives for out-of-school care) 63% No care facilities used

  6. Children living in a deprived family • Detection by family nurses of ‘Kind and Gezin’ who visit all newborns at home. • A number of criteria: parental employment and educational level, living situation, income, child’s health and social surrounding) • About 6% of families with newborn in 2005

  7. Care for children living in deprived families (1) Pre-school children: 11% Child minder (Fl: 32%) 10% Nursery (crèche) (Fl: 24%) 7% Grandparents (Fl: 14%) 71% No facilities used (Fl: 28%)  Only 29% of the pre-school children are in care on a regular basis.

  8. Care for children living in deprived families (2) Explanations? • A large part of the children lives in a family without labour income (52% vs. 5% for children of the general sample) • Grandparents are available to a lower extent (29% has grandparents with a high availability score versus vs. 58% for children of the general sample)

  9. Children with a handicap • As registered by the Flemish government agency for care for the disabled • Disabilities can be: • Physical • Mental • Socio-emotional (e.g. learning disorder, ADHD) • The agency provides all kinds of services: • Residential • Semi-residential • Non-residential (at home, school, etc…)

  10. A child with a handicap (1) The average amount of time spent by type of care (weekly total)

  11. A child with a handicap (2) • Most important forms of formal care: the school (24%) and IBO’s (5%) ! Care by the school: 68% special school en 32% regular schools (“inclusive education”) • Limited users of formal care: use (semi-) residential care of the Flemish Agency • Users of formal care: use non-residential facilities, are younger than 12 and have an employed mother

  12. Siblings of a child with a handicap (3) Well-being of brothers and sisters of a child with a handicap (siblings) compared with average Flemish child • SDQ (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; Goodman): total score of problematic behaviour

  13. Siblings of a child with a handicap (4) • Educational lag

  14. Family context of a child with a handicap (5)

  15. Patterns of care (6) • Semi-residential and residential care (collective care) with special school (45%): • More problematic handicap • Less household resilience • Non-residential care or no use of special facilities with regular school (with or without special efforts of the Agency) (26%): • Less problematic handicap and stronger household • Non-residential care or no use of special facilities with special school (27%): • More problematic handicap and inactive mother

  16. Conclusion • The care for children with a handicap relies strongly on the resilience of parents: • Informal care is harder to organise • Inclusive arrangements (staying close to ‘regular’ society) require important parental effort • Yet, the household strength is not evenly distributed • Employment opportunities (education, divorce) • Disabilities among parents • Siblings with ‘special needs’ • Therefore, policy needs to be family-oriented. Tackling the problems of the handicapped persons is not enough. The family context requires attention

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