Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World

1. Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World 1750-1850 Chapter 21

2. Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis Britain France and Spain were involved in wars, previously they paid for war with new taxes, but now people questioned their individual rights

3. Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crisis Early 1600s Dutch and British were threatening Spain and Portugal�s overseas holdings Britain was more powerful and the Dutch lost the slave trade monopoly

4. Britain and France wanted power in W. Europe 1739, a war between Britain and Spain over smuggling in N. America led to the war of Austrian Succession War in the Americas French and Indian War between the Br. and the Fr. Led to the Seven Years War Wars were expensive, the Enlightenment had changed Europe.

5. The Enlightenment and the Old Order Enlightenment � an intellectual movement used scientific method to question human nature categorized living creatures created dictionaries created encyclopedias an idea that the government should be guided by science, not heredity and the church

6. John Locke (1632-1704) English political philosopher felt governments should protect life, liberty and property said people could rebel against a monarch that did not protect these natural rights

7. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) The Social Contract The will of the people was sacred and the monarch must have the consent of the people Locke= individual, Rousseau= group

8. Charles III of Spain, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Frederick the Great of Prussia supported Enlightenment thinkers Bureaucracies staffed by civil servants chosen by merit Creation of national legal systems

9. Other Euro. Monarchs tried to censor certain ideas, but censorship made those ideas/books more popular

10. Benjamin Franklin Printer/publisher in Philadelphia Creation of political organizations Inventor

11. Pennsylvania delegate to the Continental Congress that issued the Declaration of Independence in 1776 (enlightenment ideas) The colonies were fearful of being subordinate to Europe forever

12. Counter Enlightenment People against enlightenment ideas France and other Catholic nations Conservatives; emphasized duty

13. Folk Cultures and Popular Protests Most W. Europeans were not interested in Enl. ideas 18th century monarchs tried to change taxes and judicial systems commoners revolted with bread riots and protested wanted to preserve customs

14. Enlightenment thinkers wanted to end some traditions especially festivals w/ a lot of drinking and sexuality

15. The American Revolution 1775-1800

16. Frontiers and Taxes The British didn�t want settlers to move into Amerindian lands wanted to avoid conflict Proclamation of 1763 to establish a western frontier

17. The British institute new taxes to pay for wars made printing money illegal made trade w/ other nations difficult

18. Stamp Act of 1765 tax on all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets made colonists angry boycotted Br. goods and rioted British revoked the Stamp Act, but violence in the colonies continued

19. The Boston Massacre March 5, 1770; 5 colonists killed by British soldiers Parliament then gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea Boston Tea Party

20. The Course of Revolution, 1775-1783 Patriot leaders created new government bodies Took positions from British Threatened loyalists Boycotted British goods

21. Br. troops and colonial militia had already fought in Concord, Mass. when the Continental Congress met in 1775 they named George Washington as the head of the army

22. Common Sense, by Thomas Paine sold 120,000 copies Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 popular sovereignty and individual rights

23. The British army was unable to get control of the countryside, even with the help of German mercenaries

24. Joseph Brant helped the Br. gain Mohawk Indian allies along the Canadian border the Br. lost at Saratoga NY The French joined the American army against the British in 1778

25. General Charles Cornwallis and the British surrendered at Yorktown, Oct. 17, 1781 The Treaty of Paris 1783 granted independence to the colonies

26. The Construction of Republican Institutions, to 1800 New State constitutions Europeans were fascinated a vote by the people ratified the constitutions severe limits on executive authority the second Continental Congress created the Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781

27. The Constitutional Convention created a constitution elected George Washington as Presiding Officer Democratic, but Women could not vote Slavery continued

28. The French Revolution 1789-1815

29. French Society and Fiscal Crisis First Estate clergy (130,000/28,000,000) Catholic Church owned 10% of land was exempt from taxes Second Estate nobility, 300,000/28,000,000

30. Third estate everyone else wealthy bankers, bourgeoisie, and homeless beggars wealthy commoners owned 33% of the land peasants made up 80% of the population the number of poor was rising 40,000 children were given up by their parents each year

31. France faced fiscal crisis after the war of Austrian Secession Louis XV tried to impose new taxes on the nobility, but failed the Seven Years War caused more problems exiled Parliament in order to pass new taxes

32. 1774, Louis XVI became king at age 22 The govt. was near bankrupt Supported the American Revolution by taking out loans 1787, called an Assembly of Notables to approve a radical economic reform, they wanted to protect themselves and questioned the king�s competence

33. Protests Turn to Revolution Louis XVI dismissed the notables Called the Estates General members of the 3rd estate wanted a Constitutional Monarchy the 1st and 3rd estates began meeting together and called themselves the National Assembly they wrote the Oath of the Tennis Court

34. Louis prepared for confrontation by moving troops to Versailles 1785, bad harvests bread prices went up 1/3 of Parisians were unemployed, hungry and angry the commoners began to revolt when they heard about troops at Versailles they took the Bastille � July 14, 1789

35. The National Assembly was able to stop uprisings in rural areas by reforming tax laws made the National Assembly more popular Declaration of the Rights of Man similar to the U.S. Declaration of Independence

36. Oct. 5, 1789, Parisian women formed a march to Versailles thousands went forced their way in killed guards forced the royal family to move back to Paris Austrian and Prussian monarchs tried to intervene, which led to war

37. The Terror, 1793-1794 Louis and Antoinette tried to escape Louis was arrested the Legislative Assembly called for a new National Convention The N.C. convicted Louis of treason he was executed by guillotine, January 1793

38. More European countries joined in the war against France The National Convention met in Sept. nearly all members were middleclass Jacobins

39. Maximilien Robespierre a radical Jacobin allied himself with the Parisian working class his power in the govt. grew Women lost rights, they were the ones that brought about a lot of the changes

40. Robespierre �reign of terror� 40,000 people executed or died in prison new calendar with no Sundays July 27, 1794; the National Convention Had Robespierre arrested and executed

41. Reaction and Dictatorship, 1795-1815 Convention began to undo the radical reforms of Robespierre No more toleration for violent demonstrations New constitution was ratified

42. Napoleon Bonaparte seized power general in the Fr. army popular authoritarianism/dictatorship gave some power back to the Catholic church protected the rights of the poor

43. named himself emperor, and Fr. an empire in 1804 women were denied basic political rights in the Napoleonic Civil Code militarily, Napoleon was unstoppable took the Iberian Peninsula (1807-1808) 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia

44. 600,000 Fr. men went to Russia to fight, the Russians burned everything that the Fr. could use. The Russian winter came and the Russian army attacked. Only 30,000 Fr. returned

45. Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia joined together Napoleon was forced to abdicate the throne in April 1814 Was exiled to the island of Elba, then on St. Helena where he died

46. Revolution Spreads, Conservatives Respond 1789-1850

47. The Haitian Revolution, 1789-1804 1789, French colony of Saint Domingue was among the richest European Colonies in the Americas (Haiti) sugar, cotton, indigo, coffee 1/3 of French foreign trade brutal slave regime, high mortality rate

48. 1789, meeting of the Estates General Wealthy planters (from Haiti) asked for more autonomy Gens de coulour representatives were there Authority of colonial officials wasn�t clear

49. 1791, land owners at war with each other Planters vs. gens de couleur Led to slave rebellion led by F. D. Toussaint L., a former slave

50. 1794, National Convention in Paris abolished slavery in all French possessions Toussaint led slave revolts in Saint Domingue and the Spanish colony, Santo Domingo

51. 1802, Napoleon sent a large army to reestablish French colonial authority and slavery Toussaint was captured and died in prison Slaves continued to fight with the help of women, eventually declared their independence, but thousands had died

52. The Congress of Vienna and Conservative Retrenchment, 1815-1820 1814-1815, representatives from Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia met in Vienna to restore order to Europe

53. Napoleon escaped from Elba and was defeated at Waterloo Political traditions and international borders had been ignored wanted to stabilize France

54. Nationalism, Reform, and Revolution, 1821-1850 Support for national self determination and democratic reform 1830 Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire 1830 Louis Phillipe took the throne in Fr. he accepted the reestablished constitution

55. 1790, new states joined the 13 original colonies The violence in Fr. caused Br. to tighten the reigns on the lower classes Conservatives continued to hold power

56. Revolutions of 1848 began in Paris adult men got voting rights slavery was abolished in the colonies death penalty was ended ten hour work day still disagreements over some issues Fr. elected Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew) as their president in 1848 he overturned the constitution and named himself emperor