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Chapter 21 Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850

Chapter 21 Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850. Main Themes of Chapter. Understand the economic and ideological causes of the American, the French, and the Haitian Revolutions..

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Chapter 21 Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850

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  1. Chapter 21 Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850

  2. Main Themes of Chapter • Understand the economic and ideological causes of the American, the French, and the Haitian Revolutions.. • Be able to discuss and compare the course of the American, the French, and the Haitian revolutions and analyze the reasons for and the significance of the different outcomes of these three revolutions. • Understand the successes and the shortcomings of the conservative reaction to the French Revolution as seen in the actions of the Congress of Vienna and the Holy Alliance. • Be able to describe the causes and results of agitation for the extension of democratic rights and national self-determination in Europe and the United States of America in the nineteenth-century up to the 1870s..

  3. Prelude to Revolution Revolutionary Reasons • cost of European wars • Dutch vs Spain / Portugal • England vs Spain / Dutch • England vs France • new taxes to pay for war • fiscal crisis • intellectual / political thought • debate and confrontation • attacks on customs / cultures • Enlightenment • Scientific Revolution to society • Copernicus, Galileo, Newton • categorization • Denis Diderot • Carolus Linnaeus

  4. Prelude to Revolution Political Thought • John Locke • “life, liberty, and property” • right to rebellion • individual rights as foundation • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • will of people sacred • monarch legitimacy • not always anti-monarch • royal interest vs Republicanism • Catherine the Great • Frederick the Great • clergy / noble power • tax revenues • middle class expansion • salon philosophy • freeing of human potential • rejection of colonialism

  5. American Revolution, 1775-1800 British Problems - post 1763 • colonist settlements • taxes for defense • King George III - 1760-1820 • Amerindian relations • Pontiac Rebellion • Virginia raids • Proclamation of 1763 • slow western settlement • Stamp Act of 1765 • printed material • Colonist reaction • boycotts, organization, vandalism, intimidation • Boston • British Response • military rule

  6. American Revolution, 1775-1800 Revolutionary Road • Lexington and Concord • Continental Congress - 1775 • George Washington • Common Sense • July 4, 1776 • Saratoga - 1777 • Mohawk • Joseph Brant • French • Yorktown - 1778 • Gen. Charles Cornwallis • Treaty of Paris - 1783 • unconditional surrender • prewar debt

  7. American Revolution, 1775-1800 Republican Institutions • state constitutions • written • formal ratification • bill of individual rights • Articles of Confederation - 1781 • 1st constitution • one house, one vote • rule by committee • Shay’s Rebellion - 1786 • weakness of Articles • Constitutional Convention - 1787 • 2nd American Revolution • three branches • white-male landowners • 1808

  8. The French Revolution, 1789-1815 French Society • 3 Estates • 1st - clergy • 2nd - nobles • 3rd - all others • 80% peasants • problems • poor harvests • inflation • unemployment • violence • rural • increased taxes • urban • increased prices • non-revolutionary

  9. The French Revolution, 1789-1815 War Expenses • Austrian / Spanish Succession • French and Indian War • 50% budget / debt • new taxes on nobility • Louis XVI - 1774 • support for American Revolution • Assembly of Notables - 1787 • deny King new taxes • Estates General • 1614 • 1st and 2nd Estates alliance • 3rd Estate ultimatum • National Assembly

  10. The French Revolution, 1789-1815 Oath of the Tennis Court • pledge not to separate • Louis amasses troops Crisis • bread prices • 1/3 unemployment • Bastille • July 14, 1789 • rural peasant uprisings • tax reform Declaration of the Rights of Man • American ideals • individual freedoms • representative government

  11. The French Revolution, 1789-1815 March to Versailles - Oct. 1789 • women and bread • royal return to Paris National Assembly • radical constitution • limit monarchial power • abolition of nobility • seizing of church lands The Terror - 1793-94 • January 1793 • Louis’ date with Monsieur Guillotine • Jacobins • majority democrats • Mountain • Maximilien Robespierre

  12. The French Revolution, 1789-1815 Return to Conservatism • military use on demonstrations • return of Catholic Church • Directory • Napoleon Bonaparte - 1797 • popular authoritarianism • result of Reign of Terror • women lose power • military reputation = order • Napoleonic Code - 1804 • equality in law • protection of property • military success as key • Portugal (1807) Spain (1808) • Russia (1812)

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