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Cell Division and DNA: Explained Simply

Understand DNA replication, transcription, translation, mitosis, meiosis, and cytokinesis in a concise manner. Learn the key steps and differences between these important processes.

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Cell Division and DNA: Explained Simply

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  1. Unit 5: Cell Division and DNA Page 8 in your Green EOC packet!

  2. DNA Replication: • DNA replicates just before mitosis so that each daughter cell has an exact copy of DNA. • The weak hydrogen bonds of DNA are unzipped and complementary nucleotides are added to make a new side of each strand.

  3. REPLICATION (DNA to DNA) ***Practice: DNA: ATC GCA GGC CGA AGA DNA: TAG CGT CCG GCT TCT

  4. Transcription: • Occurs in the nucleus • Double stranded DNA to single stranded RNA • U replaces T, but still matches with A • RNA is able to leave the nucleus and go to the ribosomes

  5. TRANSCRIPTION (DNA to mRNA) ***Practice: DNA: ATC GCA GGC CGA AGA RNA: UAG CGU CCG GCU UCU

  6. Translation: • mRNA lands on a ribosome • The ribosome reads the mRNA by usingcodons (3 nucleotide sequence ex: AUG) • Using the codon,tRNAbrings amino acids to the ribosome • Amino acids link up to form polypeptides (proteins)

  7. AUG

  8. DNA vs. RNA • Double stranded • Bases: ATCG • 5-C sugar: deoxyribose • Gets transcribed into mRNA so it can leave the nucleus • Single stranded • Bases: AUCG • 5-C sugar: ribose • Gets translated into the code for proteins at the ribosome

  9. Mitosis vs Meiosis • Begins with 1 diploid cell • Ends with 2 diploid cells • Daughter cells are identical • Makes somatic (body) cells • PMAT (division) 1 time • Begins with 1 diploid cell • Ends with 4 haploid cells • Daughter cells are genetically different • Makes sex cells (gametes) • PMAT 2 times

  10. Steps of MITOSIS • P = PROPHASE (chromosomes PREPARE condense) • M = METAPHASE (chromosomes in MIDDLE) • A = ANAPHASE (chromosomes split APART) • T = TELOPHASE (TWO new nuclei form)

  11. After interphase occurs, the nucleus must divide before the cell can complete the cycle • Mitosis includes 4 distinct phases: • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, which finalizes the cell cycle and redistributes cytoplasm and organelles

  12. Results in cells with half the number of chromosomes in body (somatic) cells • haploid • 2 cell divisions – result in 4 different haploid cells • Phases are similar to mitosis, but involve more complex processes • Phases have similar names, but include numbers (ex: prophase I) • The entire process of meiosis involves two divisions: • Meiosis I: Ends with 2 haploid cells (with paired chromatids) • Meiosis II: Ends with 4 haploid cells

  13. Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm after mitosis has occurred. • A cleavage furrow is formed in animals. • A cell plate is formed in plants.

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