ABSOLUTE MONARCHS IN EUROPE 1500-1800

1. ABSOLUTE MONARCHS IN EUROPE 1500-1800 CH. 7 A

2. SPAIN’S EMPIRE AND EUROPEAN ABSOLUTISM • CHARLES V: SPAIN’S KING FROM 1520-1566; CONTROLLED SPAIN, SPAIN’S AMERICAN COLONIES, PARTS OF ITALY, AND LANDS IN AUSTRIA AND THE NETHERLANDS. • SPAIN’S POWERFUL EMPIRE: • CHARLES SPLITS HIS EMPIRE AFTER THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG. • FERDINAND: CHARLES BROTHER; GETS AUSTRIA AND HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. • PHILLIP II: CHARLES SON; GETS SPAIN, SPANISH NETHERLANDS, AND SPAIN’S AMERICAN COLONIES.

3. PHILLIP II’S EMPIRE: • SEIZED PORTUGAL. • B/N 1550 AND 1660 SPAIN SEIZED 339,000 LBS OF GOLD AND 16,000 TONS OF SILVER FROM AMERICA. • PHILLIP LAUNCHED SPANISH ARMADA. • PHILLIP BUILT ESCORIAL, GRANITE PALACE THAT SHOWED HIS POWER. • GOLDEN AGE OF SPANISH ART: • SPAIN’S 2 GREATEST PAINTERS OF THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURY. • 1. EL GRECO • 2. DIEGO VELAZQUEZ • DON QUIXOTE: 1ST EUROPEAN NOVEL

4. ESCORIAL

5. ESCORIAL • Center: the main buildings (palace and monastery) on the right with the huge plaza; workers' quarters at the far right

6. PROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE • 1. INFLATION AND TAXES: • A. INFLATION HAD 2 CAUSES • 1. POP. GREW AND DEMAND WAS GREATER; THIS MADE PRICES RISE. • 2. SILVER FLOODED THE MARKET AND ITS VALUE DROPPED. • B. TAX BURDEN FELL ON LOWER CLASS B/C NOBLES WERE EXEMPT; THIS STOPPED BUSINESS’S FROM FORMING; NO MIDDLE CLASS WAS FORMED.

7. PROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE • 2. MAKING SPAIN’S ENEMIES RICH: • A. SPANISH GOODS WERE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN OTHER EUROPEAN GOODS, AND BECAUSE OF THIS SPANISH CITIZENS SPENT $ OUTSIDE SPAIN; THIS MADE OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WEALTHY. • B. PHILLIP DECLARED SPAIN BANKRUPT 3 TIMES.

8. PROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE • 3. DUTCH REVOLT: • A. WILLIAM OF ORANGE AND FLOODING DROVE THE SPANISH OUT OF THE NETHERLANDS AND THUS MADE THE DUTCH AN INDEPENDENT STATE. • INDEPENDENT DUTCH PROSPER • DUTCH FLOURISHED WHEN THERE WAS A SHORTAGE OF GRAIN IN EUROPE B/C THEY HAD THE LARGEST FLEET IN THE WORLD.

9. ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE: • ABSOLUTE MONARCHS: KINGS THAT BELIEVED ALL POWER WITHIN A STATES BOUNDARIES RESTED IN THEIR HANDS. • DIVINE RIGHT: IDEA THAT GOD CREATED THE MONARCHY AND THAT THE MONARCH ACTED AS GODS REPRESENTATION ON EARTH.

10. FRANCE’S ULTIMATE MONARCH • A. RELIGIOUS WARS CREATE A CRISIS IN FRANCE: • 1. HUGUENOTS AND CATHOLICS FOUGHT 8 RELIGIOUS WARS B/N 1562-1598. • 2. ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S MASSACRE: 6-WK NATION WIDE MASSACRE OF HUGUENOT’S IN FRANCE. • 3. HENRY OF NAVARRE: MARRIED CATHERINE AND WAS LATER KNOWN AS HENRY IV, THE 1ST KING OF THE BOURBON DYNASTY IN FRANCE.

11. An Eyewitness Account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacreby François Dubois

12. August 24, 1572, was the date of the infamous St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in France. On that day, over 400 years ago, began one of the most horrifying holocausts in history. The glorious Reformation, begun in Germany on October 31, 1517, had spread to France—and was joyfully received. A great change had come over the people as industry and learning began to flourish, and so rapidly did the Truth spread that over a third of the population embraced the Reformed Christian Faith. • However, alarm bells began to ring at the Vatican! France was her eldest daughter and main pillar—the chief source of money and power. . . . King Pepin of the Franks (the father of Charlemagne) had given the Papal States to the Pope almost 1000 years earlier. Almost half the real estate in the country was owned by the clergy. • Meanwhile, back in Paris, the King of France and his Court spent their time drinking, reveling and carousing. The Court spiritual adviser—a Jesuit priest—  urged them to massacre the Protestants—as penance for their many sins! To catch the Christians off-guard every token of peace, friendship, and ecumenical good will was offered.

13. Suddenly—and without warning—the devilish work commenced. Beginning at Paris, the French soldiers and the Roman Catholic clergy fell upon the unarmed people, and blood flowed like a river throughout the entire country. Men, women, and children fell in heaps before the mobs and the bloodthirsty troops. In one week, almost 100,100 Protestants perished. The rivers of France were so filled with corpses that for many months no fish were eaten. In the valley of the Loire, wolves came down from the hills to feel upon the decaying bodies of Frenchmen. The list of massacres was as endless as the list of the dead! • Many were imprisoned—many sent as slaves to row the King's ships—and some were able to escape to other countries. . . . The massacres continued for centuries. The best and brightest people fled to Germany, Switzerland, England, Ireland and eventually America and brought their incomparable manufacturing skills with them

14. France was ruined. . . . Wars, famine, disease and poverty finally led to the French Revolution—the Guillotine—the Reign of Terror—the fall of the Roman Catholic Monarchy—atheism—communism etc., etc. • When news of the Massacre reached the Vatican there was jubilation! Cannons roared—bells rung—and a special commemorative medal was struck—to honor the occasion! The Pope commissioned Italian artist Vasari to paint a mural of the Massacre—which still hangs in the Vatican!

15. EDICT OF NANTES: PASSED BY HENRY; DECLARED THAT HUGUENOTS COULD LIVE IN FRANCE AND PRACTICE THEIR RELIGION IN SOME CITIES. • FALL OF HENRY IV: • 1. MANY LOVED HENRY AND HIS RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE, BUT MANY HATED HIM FOR TOLERATING HUGUENOTS. • 2. HENRY IV WAS STABBED TO DEATH BY A FANATIC CATHOLIC ONE DAY IN HIS ROYAL CARRIAGE.

16. LOUIS XIII AND CARDINAL RICHELIEU • LOUIS XIII WAS HENRY IV’S SON. • CARDINAL RICHELIEU: LOUIS XIII CARDINAL WHO RULED FOR THE WEAK KING. • RICHELIEU TAKES 2 STEPS TO INCREASE THE POWER OF THE BOURBON MONARCHY. • 1. MOVED AGAINST THE HUGUENOTS. • 2. WEAKENED NOBLES POWER.

17. LOUIS XIV RULES ABSOLUTELY • LOUIS XIV: STRONGEST RULER IN HISTORY; BEGAN RULE AT AGE 5. King_Louis_XIV_and_French_Exploration_of_the_New_World_asf.asf • CARDINAL MAZARIN: RULED WHILE LOUIS WAS A BOY. • MAZARIN INCREASED TAXES AND STRENGTHENED THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT. • LOUIS XIV TAKES CONTROL: • A. BEGAN RULE AT AGE 23 • B. WEAKENED POWER OF THE NOBILITY. • C. INTENDANTS:GOV’T AGENTS WHO COLLECTED TAXES AND ADMINISTERED JUSTICE; HAD INCREASED POWER B/C OF LOUIS.

18. LOUIS XIV

19. ECONOMIC GROWTH • JEAN BAPTISTE COLBERT: LOUIS FINANCE MINISTER;TRIED TO MAKE FRANCE SELF SUFFICIENT; TAX CUTS FOR BUSINESSES;TARIFFS ON IMPORTS. • LOUIS’S GRAND STYLE: • LIVED IN LUXURY;HAD NEARLY 500 COOKS WAITERS, AND SERVANTS. • LOUIS CONTROLS THE NOBILITY. • LOUIS REQUIRES HUNDREDS OF NOBLES TO LIVE W/ HIM AT VERSAILLES. • HIS PALACE AT VERSAILLES STRETCHED ALMOST 500 YARDS AND HAD 2000 ROOMS.( PG. 521 )

20. LOUIS XIV

21. VERSAILLES

22. VERSAILLES

27. LOUIS FIGHTS DISASTROUS WARS • LOUIS WAS UNSUCCESSFUL IN DEFEATING THE DUTCH. • TREATY OF NIJMEGAN: MADE PEACE B/N DUTCH AND THE FRENCH. • WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION: SPAIN AND FRANCE BOTH HAD BOURBON KINGS AND THEY WERE BOTH TOO POWERFUL; THEY WERE ATTACKED BY ENGLAND, AUSTRIA, DUTCH, PORTUGAL, GERMANY, AND ITALY BECAUSE THEY HAD BECOME TOO POWERFUL. • TREATY OF UTRECHT: ENDED THE WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION;BOTH KINGS COULD CONTINUE TO RULE BUT SPAIN AND FRANCE COULD NO LONGER FORM ALLIANCES;BRITAIN ALSO TOOK THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTER.

29. THIRTY YEARS WAR • 1. BOHEMIAN PROTESTANT REVOLT: • A. FERDINAND II: HEAD OF THE HAPSBURG FAMILY; RULED BOHEMIA; FUTURE HOLY ROMAN EMPORER. • B. HE CLOSED PROTESTANT CHURCHES AND PROTESTANTS REVOLTED. • C. THIRTY YEARS WAR: FERDINAND’S ARMY VS. PROTESTANT PRINCES. • 2. HAPSBURG TRIUMPHS: • A. 1ST 12 YEARS OF WAR, THE HAPSBURGS (SPAIN AND AUSTRIA) CRUSHED THE TROOPS HIRED BY GERMAN PRINCES.

30. THIRTY YEARS WAR • 3. HAPSBURG DEFEATS: • A. PROTESTANT GUSTAVOUS ADOLPHUS OF SWEDEN DROVE HAPSBURGS OUT OF N. GERMANY. • B. CARDINAL RICHELIEU AND MAZARIN OF FRANCE DOMINATED THE REST OF THE WORLD. • PEACE OF WESTPHALIA: ENDED THIRTY YEARS WAR AND HAD 5 MAJOR EFFECTS. • 1. WEAKENED HAPSBURGS. • 2. STRENGTHENED FRANCE. • 3. MADE GERMAN PRINCES INDEPENDENT OF HRE. • 4. ENDED RELIGIOUS WARS IN EUROPE. • 5. INTRO. NEW METHODS OF PEACE NEG.

31. AFTER THIRTY YEARS WAR • HAPSBURGS RULED AUSTRIA AFTER THIRTY YEARS WAR. • CHARLES VI WAS HAPSBURG RULER. • MARIA THERESA (CHARLES DAUGHTER) INHERITED THE THRONE. • PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA CLASH; • PRUSSIA’S RULING FAMILY WAS THE HOHENZOLLERNS. • RISE OF PRUSSIA: • A. FREDERICK WILLIAM (THE ELECTOR) BEGAN THE RISE OF PRUSSIA. • B. FREDERICK THE GREAT (FW’S SON) CONTINUED THE STRONG MILITARY OF HIS FATHER.

32. AFTER THIRTY YEARS WAR • WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION: • MARIA THERESA WON THE WAR VS. FTG BUT LOST SILESIA IN THE TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE.