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Disorders of the Immune System

Disorders of the Immune System. Autoimmune Disorders – body produces antibodies against its own tissue, e.g. Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism) and rheumatoid arthritis Allergies occur when the body reacts to materials which should not be antigenic, e.g. peanuts. Immunity. Passive immunity

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Disorders of the Immune System

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  1. Disorders of the Immune System • Autoimmune Disorders – body produces antibodies against its own tissue, e.g. Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism) and rheumatoid arthritis • Allergies occur when the body reacts to materials which should not be antigenic, e.g. peanuts

  2. Immunity Passive immunity An individual is given antibodies by another ; short-term (weeks- 6 months) Active immunity Production of a person’s own antibodies; long lasting Natural Active When pathogen enters body in the normal way, we make antibodies Artificial Active Vaccination – person makes antibodies without becoming ill Natural Passive From mother in uterus & breast milk Artificial Passive Immunoglobulin injection; extremely fast, but short lived (e.g. snake venom) Edward Jenner

  3. Blood Groups & Immunology

  4. The ABO System • Discovered in 1901 by Dr. Karl Landsteiner • 4 main phenotypes (A, B, AB, O) • Type of inheritence: multiple alleles (each person has only 2 alleles but more than 2 alleles exist) • Three possible alleles: IA, IB, i

  5. Phenotype vs. Genotype

  6. Inheritance of ABO Groups If the mother has blood type O and her husband is blood type AB, what will be the blood type of their baby? i i IA IB 50 % chance A blood type 50 % chance B blood type

  7. Distribution of the A allele

  8. Distribution of the B Allele

  9. Distribution of the O Allele

  10. Universal Donor Group O Carries no A or B antigens Universal Recipient Group AB No anti-A or anti-B present Universal Donor and Recipient

  11. The Rh(D) System • Discovered in 1940 on Rhesus monkeys

  12. Simple Genetics of Rh(D) • 86% of caucasians are Rh(D) positive • The d gene is recessive: • DD & Dd persons are Rh(D) pos • Only dd persons are Rh(D) neg

  13. Distribution of Rh(D) Types

  14. Significance of Rh(D) • Rh(D) negative persons exposed to Rh(D) pos blood will develop anti-D • Anti-D can also be stimulated by pregnancy with an Rh(D) positive baby • Can be prevented by the use of anti-D immunoglobulin (RhoGam shot) administered before and after childbirth

  15. Inheritance of ABO and Rh(D) Mother Group A IA i Rh(D) pos Dd Father Group B IBi Rh(D) pos Dd Draw a Punnet Square for this DIHYBRID CROSS; show phenotypic ratios.

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