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University of Indianapolis

University of Indianapolis. Police Administration CRIM 340-50 Thomas N. Davidson, J.D. www.thinblueline.ws. Download and print the syllabus. Means of Assessment 1 Minute Papers.

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University of Indianapolis

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  1. University of Indianapolis Police Administration CRIM 340-50 Thomas N. Davidson, J.D. www.thinblueline.ws

  2. Download and print the syllabus.

  3. Means of Assessment 1 Minute Papers • At the end of each class, compose a one or two paragraph hand-written paper summarizing what was covered in class, a topic or question you would like discussed, or an expression of a concept or idea that relates to police administration that you would like to share. 1 minute papers are worth 30% of your semester grade amortized over the course of the semester.

  4. Means of Assessment-Midterm One 5 to 8 page research paper on a topic related to police administration of the student’s choice. The paper is due October 6, 2011 at the beginning of class. This paper will comprise your midterm score and is worth 30% of your total grade. One inch margins all around. Title page required (not included in page count.). Use at least 3 sources. Use the APA citation and reference style. Double space, indent paragraphs 5 spaces (no double-double spacing), use 12 point font. Reference page is required.

  5. Means of Assessment-Final Final exam. Exam is due December 15, 2011at the beginning of class. The exam is an open note & open book research exam. It is worth 40% of your total grade. You can expect that the exam will multiple choice and true/false questions. Answer questions on the exams with respect to how the subject matter was covered in class or in the text. You will have one week to complete the exam.

  6. Grading Scale 95-100 = A 77-79 = C+ 90-94 = A- 73-76 = C 87-89 = B+ 70-72 = C- 83-86 = B 67-69 = D+ 80-82 = B- 63-66 = D

  7. www.thinblueline.ws/studentsscroll down and click on the FBI crest

  8. Click file, print, drop down box Print what, select outline view

  9. Freedom from crime is not free. The degree to which a society achieves public order depends in part on the price society is willing to pay to obtain it. • Resources committed to crime suppressions, detection, and prevention. • The extent to which people are willing to accept a reduction in civil liberties.

  10. Government v. Liberty Tension In a free society there is a constant tension between its government’s legitimate police function and its citizens’ liberty interests. It has and will be with us and it will never go away. It is a source of conflict that must be understood by both the police and the population in order for it to be controlled.

  11. Theories of Police Development • Disorder-control: Need to suppress mob rule and violence. • Crime-control: Threats to public order create a climate of fear. • Class-control: Police reinforce class-based economic exploitation. Labor provided the fuel for capitalism, yet were perceived as dangerous.

  12. A brief guide to police history Ancient Era 3000BC to 400AD • Kin policing derived from the power and authority of kinship systems & rule by elders. The family of the offended individual was expected to assume responsibility for justice by punishing the offender. • Egyptian rulers used elite units of the military as bodyguards. • In Mesopotamia, captured Nubian slaves were used as guards.

  13. The Greeks had a sort of highway patrol and trials. The Hebrews developed the Mosaic Law. The first organized police department is believed to be the Roman vigiles around 27 BC. A brief guide to police history

  14. A brief guide to police history Middle Ages 400 A.D. – 1600 A.D. • Either no system or: • Gendarme System in France were agents of the crown. • Pledge System in England by Alfred the Great; each person is pledged to perform some kind of police work unless excused by the shire-reeve.

  15. A brief guide to police history Tithing system 1066 A.D. (frankpledge) • All the men over 12 in a village formed a tithing. • 10 tithings organized into a hundred supervised by a constable. • 10 hundreds were organized into a shire supervised by the shire-reeve.

  16. A brief guide to police history Statute of Winchester of 1285 • Required every able-bodied man to possess a weapon (assize of arms). • Everyone in the countryside accountable in assisting with apprehension of criminals (hue and cry system). • Established a watch and ward night patrol to augment daytime constables (watch system). • Formalized the parish constable system (frankpledge system).

  17. A brief guide to police history Colonial Era 1600 A.D. – 1800 A.D. • Adopted the watch system. • Shire-reeves became sheriffs. • Towns had constables who organized watchmen. Like the English system, the American system was characterized by: • Limited authority causing legitimacy problems. • Decentralization. Local control & varation. • Fragmentation. One hand doesn’t know . . .

  18. A brief guide to police history English Police Reform • Bow Street Runners (1st detectives 1750). • Creation of the 1st professional police department in 1829. Created by Sir Robert Peel, the officers were called Bobbies or Peelers.

  19. A brief guide to police history Sir Robert Peel Known as the father of modern policing

  20. A brief guide to police history Peel established the Metropolitan Police Force for London based at Scotland Yard 1829. The 1,000 constables employed were affectionately nicknamed 'Bobbies' or, somewhat less affectionately, 'Peelers.' Although at first unpopular, they proved very successful in cutting crime in London, and by 1835 all cities in the UK were being directed to form their own police forces. Known as the father of modern policing, Robert Peel developed the Peelain Principles which defined the ethical requirements police officers must follow in order to be effective. His most memorable principle was, "the police are the public, and the public are the police."

  21. The 9 Peelian Principles 1-5 • The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder. • The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions. • Police must secure the willing co-operation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public. • The degree of co-operation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force. • Police seek and preserve public favour not by catering to public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law.

  22. The 9 Peelian Principles 6-9 • Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient. • Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence. • Police should always direct their action strictly towards their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary. • The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it.

  23. A brief guide to police history Spoils Era 1800 A.D. – 1900 A.D. • Large scale social changes in America. • Politicians control the police. • Riot control function because of race and ethnic riots between 1835-1890s. • 1845 New York City paid professional policing. • Pre civil war Paddy-Roller slave catchers. • 1911 motorized. • 1845 saw beginning of state and federal agencies: Texas rangers, Border Patrol, IRS. • Pendleton Act of 1883 sought to end the spoils system in the federal government.

  24. A brief guide to police history Progressive Era 1900 A.D. – 1920 A.D. • Spoils system replaced by civil service. • 1902 formation of IACP. • Attempts to foster professionalism. • Chief Vollmer of Berkeley champions professionalism 1918. • FOP created in 1915.

  25. A brief guide to police history Gangster Era 1920 A.D. – 1950 A.D. • 18th Amendment (Prohibition) 1919. • Great depression 1930s. • Vice control. • Wave of bank robberies, kidnappings, bootlegging. • Rise of the “G-men.” • Elliot Ness-Prohibition Bureau. • J. Edgar Hoover-FBI.

  26. Elliot Ness J. Edgar Hoover

  27. A brief guide to police history August Vollmer

  28. August Vollmer Vollmer earned the reputation as the "father of modern law enforcement.” He was the first chief to require that police officers attain college degrees, and persuaded the University of California to teach criminal justice. In 1916, UC-Berkeley established a criminal justice program, headed by Vollmer. Vollmer was also the first police chief to create a motorized force, placing officers on motorcycles, and in cars so that they could patrol a broader area with greater efficiency. Radios were included in patrol cars. He was also the first to use the lie detector, developed at the University of California, in police work. Vollmer supported programs to assist disadvantaged children, and was often criticized for his leniency towards petty offenders such as drunks and loiterers. He also encouraged the training and employment of female and African American police officers.

  29. Wickersham Report • The Wickersham Commission was established in May of 1929 when President Herbert Hoover appointed George W. Wickersham (1858-1936) to head the National Committee on Law Observation and Enforcement, popularly called the Wickersham Commission. • The Commission was an 11-member group charged with identifying the causes of criminal activity and to make recommendations for appropriate public policy. The emphasis was almost entirely on the widespread violations of national alcohol prohibition. • The report was almost entirely written by Vollmer. Among other things the report included various ideas for police reform including: • Personnel standards (for cause removal only). • Communications and records. • Separate units for crimes of vice and juveniles. • State information bureaus. • Training academies.

  30. A brief guide to police history Revolutionary ERA 1960 A.D. – 1970 A.D. • Civil rights struggle. • Assassinations, mass & serial murders. • 100 officers killed a year ILOD. 300 citizens a year killed by police. • The process of Incorporation. • Miranda. • The exclusionary rule. • Law enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) & Law enforcement education prograam (LEEP)

  31. A brief guide to police history Current Era 1970 A.D – Present • Police community relations. • Diversity in police departments. • MBO. • Knapp Commission • War on drugs. • War on terror. • Technology.

  32. 1631 Boston night watch. Full-time paid police in Boston. 9/24/1789 1st US Marshall. 5/17/1792 1st US officer KILOD Isaac Smith of NYC SO. 1835 Texas Rangers. 1865 US Secret Service. 11/11/1871 1st African-American KILOD. 1878-1881 Billy the Kid killed 6 lawmen. 10/26/1881 shoot out at OK coral involving lawman Wyatt Earp. 1902 fingerprinting used in US. 07/24/1916 1st female officer KILOD. 11/24/1917: 9 officers killed in Milwaukee after bomb explodes. 1924 Hoover takes over at FBI. 1929 Ness put in charge of the Untouchables. 1932-1934 Bonnie & Clyde kill 10 LEOs. 1974: 275 LEOs KILOD. 1974 Soft body armor. 1988 DNA used in America. 9/11 72 LEOs KILOD. Some Important Dates in American Police History

  33. Contemporary Law Enforcement • 18,000 different agencies ( UK with ¼ of US population has 43 agencies). • Fragmented (UK all agencies administered by the Home Office). • Federal agencies. • State agencies. • County sheriffs. • Local police agencies. • Special police.

  34. Contemporary Law Enforcement • Nationally, sworn officers account for 69.5 percent of PD personnel. • Nationally, police to population ratio rural and city is: 2.4 per 1000. • Indiana has 146 local PDs.

  35. Contemporary Law Enforcement • In the U.S. in 2005, the average number of full-time law enforcement employees in cities (both sworn officers and civilian) was 3.0 per 1,000 inhabitants. • Within cities in the Northeast, the rate of full-time law enforcement employees per 1,000 inhabitants was 3.5. • Within cities in the South, the rate of full-time law enforcement employees per 1,000 inhabitants was 3.4. • Within cities in the Midwest, the rate of full-time law enforcement employees per 1,000 inhabitants was 2.7. • Within cities in the West, the rate of full-time law enforcement employees per 1,000 inhabitants was 2.4.

  36. The Thin Blue Line The "thin blue line" is the collective group of law enforcement officers (LEO), correctional officers, prosecutors and others in the criminal justice system that separate and protect society from anarchy. 

  37. Community Policing • 1970 through the 80’s police generally used the professional model. • Patrol from cars, aloof, impartial, everybody gets the same treatmetn. • Rising crime rates • Broken windows policing emerged

  38. Broken Windows Policing Clean up the community, people will take pride, criminals will be displaced.

  39. Community Policing • Commitment to crime prevention • Public scrutiny of police • Accountability of police action to public • Customized police service • Community organization

  40. Community Policing • Number of police does not lower crime rate or solve more crimes. • Random patrol neither lowers crime or increases chances of catching criminals. • 2 person patrol cars are not safer and do not lower crime rates. • Saturation patrols do not lower crime it displaces it. • Improving response time has little effect in solving crime.

  41. Response Times Police cannot control: • The time it takes from when the crime occurs to when it is discovered; • The time it takes from when it is discovered to when it is reported to police

  42. Crime Prevention& Deterrence Crime Prevention Crime Deterrence Likelihood of being caught Desire Ability Desire Gravity of harm if caught Opportunity

  43. Community Policing Scanning Analysis Each problem will likely not only involves crime, but a wider community social issue. Response Assessment

  44. Outcomes v. Outputs • Outputs are work product like the number of traffic tickets issued, crashes investigated, or the number of criminals arrested. • Outcomes are the results of outputs. Crime and accident rates for example.

  45. Crime Analysis • Crime Specific Analysis-pattern of reported crime. • Link analysis-Associations among people. • Telephone Toll Analysis. • Visual Investigative Analysis (VIA) charting key criminal events in chronological order. • Case Analysis and Management System-computerized to clarify relationships & calculate probability of associations.

  46. Technology • Geographical Information Systems-mapping. • Global Positioning Systems-locating. • Artificial Intelligence Systems. • Natural language applications. • Robotic applications. • Computer science applications (brains). • Cognitive science applications (decision-making).

  47. Problems with community policing • Lack of definition. • Lack of community. • Role confusion and low morale. • Expensive. • Lack of credible evaluation. • Conflict with accreditation standards.

  48. External Influences • Politics • Economy • Competing agencies • Community groups • Governments: federal, state, & local • Unions and associations • Review boards • Judicial review

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