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Chapter 3 The Trading Industry

Chapter 3 The Trading Industry. Terminology. Agency vs. proprietary traders (trading) Brokers are agency traders Long vs. short positions Short covering Buy vs. sell side Liquidity demanders vs. liquidity providers. People and institutions who use market services are on the buy-side .

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Chapter 3 The Trading Industry

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  1. Chapter 3 The Trading Industry

  2. Terminology • Agency vs. proprietary traders (trading) • Brokers are agency traders • Long vs. short positions • Short covering • Buy vs. sell side • Liquidity demanders vs. liquidity providers

  3. People and institutions who use market services are on the buy-side. • Those who provide market services are on the sell-side. • These sides have nothing to do with whether you are a buyer or seller of a specific security.

  4. Buy-side players - Investors • Individuals • Corporate pension fund sponsors • Charitable trusts • Legal trusts • Endowments=> Stocks and bonds • Investment managers • Corporate investment funds • Governmental funds

  5. Homeowners Students Corporations=> Mortgages, Bonds, Notes Farmers Manufacturers Miners Shippers Financial Institutions => Forwards, Futures, Swaps, and Options Buy-side players – Borrowers and Hedgers

  6. Sell-side players • Dealers trade for their own accounts. • Day traders • Market makers • Floor traders • Brokers trade for other people’s accounts. • Retail and institutional • Full-service and discount • Broker-dealers do both. • Specialists • Wire houses

  7. Sell-side trade facilitators • Exchanges provide systems that help traders arrange their trades. • Clearing houses help settle trades and guarantee that traders will perform. • Depositories and custodians hold securities.

  8. A typical set of relationships • A sponsor owns funds. • An investment manager makes portfolio decisions. • A broker implements trades. • A dealer supplies liquidity. • A clearing house guarantees trades. • A depository holds the security. • Consultants advise everyone.

  9. Primary vs. secondary security sales • Primary • New issue • Key factor: issuer receives the proceeds from the sale. • Secondary • Existing owner sells to another party. • Issuing firm doesn’t receive proceeds and is not directly involved.

  10. Primary markets: Public offerings • Public offerings: registered with the SEC and sale is made to the investing public. • Shelf registration (Rule 415, since 1982) • Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) • Evidence of underpricing • Performance

  11. US primary listing market • New York Stock Exchange (N) • American Stock Exchange (A) • NASDAQ (Q) • Over-the-Counter (OTC) • Nasdaq small cap (S) • OTCBB (U) • Pink Sheets

  12. Primary markets: Private placements • Private placement: sale to a limited number of sophisticated investors not requiring the protection of registration. • Dominated by institutions. • Very active market for debt securities. • Not active for stock offerings.

  13. Organization of secondary markets • Organized exchanges • OTC market • Third market • Fourth market

  14. Organized Exchanges • Auction markets with centralized order flow. • Dealership function: can be competitive or assigned by the exchange (Specialists). • Securities: stock, futures contracts, options, and to a lesser extent, bonds. • Examples: NYSE, AMEX, Regionals, CBOE.

  15. NYSE • The NYSE is a hybrid market. It has: • floor traders (like a futures pit) • an electronic limit order book (like Euronext) • a designated dealer (the specialist) to maintain liquidity and otherwise coordinate trading. • This mix is the outcome of political, technological and economic forces over the last 200 years.

  16. NYSE NYSE’s MarkeTrac: http://marketrac.nyse.com/mt/

  17. NYSE • The NYSE was first a floor market (loosely resembling the futures pits). • Many of the trading rules reflect the “floor” aspect of the market. • The NYSE next evolved strong central dealers (late 1800’s). • The specialist, in the sense of a trader who specializes in a particular stock.

  18. NYSE • Beginning in the 1980’s, electronic order entry has come to play an increasing role. The exchange has always permitted limit orders, but the book has become more important over time. • The basic reading for this material is the NYSE Floor Official Manual, abbreviated FOM.

  19. What does the NYSE do? • Trading and trading services. • The NYSE charges (directly and indirectly) for trades that occur and for software supplied to its members. • Listing • To be listed on the NYSE, a corporation must meet/maintain certain financial standards and pay listing fees. • http://www.nasdaq.com/about/appa.pdf

  20. US regional exchanges • Pacific Exchange / Archipelago (P) • Chicago (formerly Midwestern) Stock Exchange (M) • Boston Stock Exchange (B) • Philadelphia Stock Exchange (X) • Cincinnati Stock Exchange (C)

  21. Third markets • Trading of listed securities away from the exchange. • Institutional market: to facilitate trades of larger blocks of securities. • Involves services of dealers and brokers

  22. Fourth Market • Trading in exchange-listed stocks within Alternative Trading Systems (ATS), such as ECNs (Instinet, Island, Archipelago) • Institutions trading directly with institutions • No middleman involved in the transaction

  23. Major international stock markets • Europe • London Stock Exchange (LSE) • EuroNext (Paris/Netherlands/Belgium) • Deutsche Borse (DB) • Milan Stock Exchange • Swiss Stock Exchange Stockholm/Copenhagen/Helsinki/Oslo (OM) • Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX)

  24. Asia • Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) • Taiwan Stock Exchange • Korean Stock Exchange (KSE) • Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) • Hong Kong Stock Exchange

  25. International market structures • London Stock Exchange • Dealer market similar to NASDAQ • Stock Exchange Automated Quotation • Greater Anonymity • Tokyo Stock Exchange • No market making service • Sartori provides bookkeeping service • Feature a floor and electronic trading

  26. KSE • http://www.kse.or.kr/

  27. The regulators • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) • Securities markets, equity options markets, and cash-settled equity index options markets • Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) • Commodity spot, forward, and futures markets

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