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Protista

Delve into the diverse kingdom of Protista, organisms that defy classification and play crucial roles in ecosystems. Explore their unique characteristics, habitat, reproduction methods, and evolutionary history. Discover the significance of Protista in the grand scheme of life on Earth.

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Protista

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  1. Protista By: Cassie, Jacob, Kevin, Dominic & Braden

  2. Introduction • Known as the “Catch All” Kingdom • Are organisms that don’t fit anywhere else (Alderman, 2001) • Closest relatives to plants, animals, & fungi • Most diverse kingdom of eukaryotes! MORE THAN 200 000 SPECIES (Dulson, 2011)

  3. What makes a Protist? • All Protists are eukaryotes • Are NOT plants, fungi, or animals • Share characteristics with other kingdoms • Put into twelve phylum • Separated into three groups

  4. Animal-Like Protists • Are Heterotrophic • Where animals evolved from • Move with Psuedopods, Flagella, or Cilia • Some are parasites • Have only Mitochondria (Guillen, 2008) (Alderman, Strathy, Cofield, Edwards, 2002)

  5. Plant-Like Protists • All are Autotrophic • Mostly Green • Form a large part of Plankton • 25% of sun’s energy used on Earth • Have Mitochondria and Chloroplast (Euglena limnophila 2013) (Alderman, Strathy, Cofield, Edwards, 2002)

  6. Fungal-Like Protists • Commonly called “Slime Molds” • Are Heterotrophic • Brightly coloured • Thousands of individual cells • Coagulate into one giant cell (mystuart, 2012) (Alderman, Strathy, Cofield, Edwards, 2002)

  7. Obtaining Food/Nutrition/Energy • Two types Autotrophs and Heterotrophs • Autotrophs get food through photosynthesis • They contain chloroplasts, like plants (Isabelli, 2011) (Carter, 2004)

  8. Obtaining Food/Nutrition/Energy • Heterotrophs can’t make their own food (Brainard and Wilkin, 2012) • Heterotrophs eat by ingestion and absorption • Ingestion protist digest by enzymes • Absorption protist absorb nutrients into their body (Garcia, 2002)

  9. Habitat • Typically live in water based environments • Like oceans, freshwater ponds, lakes, and streams (Isabelli, 2011)

  10. Ecosystem • Protists, such as types of blue-green algae produce oxygen • Protist provides 80% of the Earth’s oxygen • Some Protist perform photosynthesis. • Protists consume garbage in ecosystem • Without the complex organism we would have nothing to eat

  11. Symbiotic Relationship • Protist began as symbiotic relationship • Protist offer benefits for animals in symbiotic relationship • E.g Termites • Mutalistic/symbiotic ( where both organism benefits relation)

  12. Reproduction • * Single cell protists reproduce asexually & sexually Asexual Sexual • Asexual Reproduction: Involves simple binary fission • Sexual Reproduction: Involves conjugation (Dulson, 2011) Paramecia (Dulson, 2011)

  13. Reproduction Continued • Multicellular protists have complex life cycles • Sexual reproduction involves sperm cells & eggs • These sex cells are haploid • Zygotes created by fusion of sperm & egg • Zygotes have two copies of chromosomes • This makes the zygote diploid (Dulson, 2011)

  14. Reproduction Continued • Other lifecycles have alternation of generations • Alternate between diploid and haploid stage • Both asexual and sexual reproduction needed • Without both its unable to cycle (Dulson, 2011)

  15. History of Evolution • All protists are eukaryotes (true nucleus) • Oldest known fossils date 2.1 BYA • Structures of cells originated two ways: (Arato, 2010)

  16. History of Evolution • Single-celled organisms attached in small colonies • Evolutionary history present in today’s eukaryotes • Protista kingdom shows us first hints: What is to come in evolutionary history? Union of eukaryotic cells into colonial organisms (Dulson, 2011)

  17. Evolution of Protists (Dulson, 2011)

  18. History of Evolution • Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated by endosymbiosis • They were theoretically once prokaryotic organisms • Engulfed by eukaryotic cells and incorporated • Later became permanent residents of host cells (Dulson, 2011)

  19. Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells (Millstone, 2012)

  20. Citations • Alderman, C., Strathy, M., Cofield, K. (2001). Protist Kingdom. Retrieved February 24th, 2013 from http://students.ncwc.edu/bio101/protista/Default.htm • Arato, R. (2010). A Class of Their Own: Protists. St. Catharines: Crabtree Publishing Company. • Brainard, J. Wilkin, D. (Feb 24, 2012). cK-12. Retrieved Feb 28, 2013, from http://www.ck12.org/concept/Autotrophs-and-Heterotrophs/?ref=%2Fconcept%2FAutotrophs-and-Heterotrophs%2F • Carter, J.C. (2004, November 2). Photosynthesis. Feb 28, 2013, from http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/photosyn.htm • Dulson, J., Fraser, D., LeDrew, B., Vavitsas, A. (2011). Biology 11. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd. • (Euglena limnophila (photograph), retrieved on February 26, 2013, from http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/mastigophora/euglena/limnophila/limnophila_1a.html) • Garcia, C.L. (2002). Protist. Retrieved Feb 28, 2013, from http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Summaries/Protists.htm • (Guillen A, (photographer), 2008, Amoeba (Photograph), retrieved on February 25, 2013, from http://www.flickr.com/photos/microagua/2695978355/) • Isabelli, G. (2011). Exploring Protists. Retrieved Feb 28, 2013, from http://www.champaignschools.org/staffwebsites/isabelgi/Soph_Bio/protists.htm • McNabb, C. (March 27th, 2002) Kingdom Protista Information: Introduction to Kingdom Protista. Retrieved February 26th, 2013 from http://pangea.tec.selu.edu/~cmcnabb/etec645/protist2.html • Millstone, L. (September 14, 2012). Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity: Protists. Retrieved February 26th, 2013 from http://www.bio.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/Bio213/protists.html • (mystuart, (Photographer), 2012, Slime Mold: Early and Later (Photograph), retrieved on February 25, 2013, from http://www.flickr.com/photos/melystu/7585966680/)

  21. Trypanosoma brucei (blue) among red blood cells (Van Tyne, 2011) Trypanosoma brucei By: Cassie Masschelein

  22. Introduction Pronunciation: try·pan·o·so·ma   [trih-pan-uh-soh-muh] bru·ce·i [bru-see-i ]

  23. (Chan, 2010) Sub species: Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

  24. Basics (Chan, 2010) • Habitat: • Lives inside bloodstream (Van Tyne, 2011) • Lives inside tsetse fly –host (Villanova, 2012) • Has ecology of host - Africa (Chan, 2010) • Food Sources: • Heterotrophic species • Require food as cannot make own • Feast on nutrients in bloodstreams (Chan, 2010)

  25. Basics Continued • Cell Structure: • Very similar to other eukaryotes • Goes through rounds of differentiation • Has a long flagellum • Transportation: • Through bite of tsetse fly • Bloodborn or congenital routes are rare (Hunt, 2010) (Chan, 2010) (Chan, 2010)

  26. Cell Structure of Trypanosoma (Chan, 2010)

  27. Basics Continued (Dulson, 2011)

  28. (Hunt, 2010) The 3 Sub Species T. b. brucei, T. b. rhodesiense & T. b. gambiense

  29. Trypanosoma brucei brucei • Infects game animals and causes nagana • Many animals have a natural immunity • However, can still spread it (Malvy, 2011) T. brucei in a thin film blood smear. Magnification: 1000x (Villanova, 2012)

  30. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense • Causes East African trypanosomiasis • Tsetse vectors found in woodland environments • Little human-fly-human transmition occurs • Disease progresses rapidly, fatal without treatment • Symptoms occur 1-3 weeks of bite • Death will occur within months (Malvy, 2011)

  31. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense • Causes West and Central sleeping sickness • Tsetse vectors found along rivers • Associated with humans longer than T. b. rhodesiense (Wiser, 2011) • 2-3 year life expectancy • Symptoms are the same as T. b. rhodesiense • Symptoms take longer, unnoticed for months (CDC, 2012)

  32. Life Cycle

  33. (CDC, 2012)

  34. Effects on Humans • Into bloodstream and carried throughout body (Villanova, 2012) • First symptom off/on fever • Lymph glands enlarge and become painful (Brown, 2013) “Winterbottoms’s Sign” (CDC, 2012)

  35. Effects on humans continued • Other Symtoms: • Headache, insomnia, loss ability to concentrate • After several months, brain becomes affected • Walking becomes shuffling • Difficulty sleeping at night, staying awake during day • Victims eventually fall into a coma/die (Brown, 2013)

  36. Tsetse flies • A vector of Trypanosoma brucei • Has a parasite-host relationship • Once infected, remains infected • Important enough to have genome sequenced • Enabling creation capable of transmitting T. brucei (Chan, 2010)

  37. Tsetse Fly The tsetse fly uses its biting mouthparts, which transmit African sleeping sickness (Villanova, 2012)

  38. Video!

  39. Citations • Brown, H. W. (2013). Trypanosomiasis. Encyclopedia Americana. Retrieved February 25th, 2013, from Grolier Online http://ea.grolier.com/article?id=0394060-00 • CDC. (August 29th, 2012). West African Trypanosomiasis FAQs. Retrieved February 27th, 2013 from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/gen_info/faqs-west.html • CDC. (August 29th, 2012). Biology. Retrieved February 27th, 2012 from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/biology.html • Chan, S. (August 20th, 2010). Sodalis glossinidius. Retrieved February 28th, 2013 from http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Sodalis_glossinidius • Chan, S. (August 20th, 2010). Trypanosoma. Retrieved February 27th, 2013, from http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Trypanosoma • Chan, S. (August 20th, 2010). Trypanosoma brucei. Retrieved February 27th, 2013, from http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Trypanosoma_brucei • Dulson, J., Fraser, D., LeDrew, B., Vavitsas, A. (2011). Biology 11. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd. • Hunt, R. (February 15th, 2010). MOLECULAR PARASITOLOGY:  Trypanosomes Eukaryotic Cells with a Different way of doing Things. Retrieved February 28th, 2013 from http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/trypanosomiasis.htm • Malvy, D., Chappuis., F. (July 17th, 2011). Sleeping Sickness. Retrieved February 27th, 2013 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722252 • Van Tyne, D. (2011). African sleeping sickness and its mark on the human genome: an evolutionary tale. Retrieved February 27th, 2013 from https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/sitnflash_wp/2011/04/issue91/ • Villanova, P. (2012). Lethal Fugitive: Trypanosoma brucei. Retrieved February 27th, 2013 from http://www18.homepage.villanova.edu/phoebe.lett/tbrucei.htm • Wiser, M. (February 24th, 2011). African Trypanosomiasis. Retrieved February 25th, 2013 from http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/notes/kinet.html

  40. Euglena gracilis (You-glen-a gra-sil-lis) By: Dominic Tomaszewski

  41. Taxonomy • Phylum: Euglenophycota (You-glen-o-fy-cota) • Class: Euglenophyceae (You-glen-o-phy-see-aye) • Order: Euglenales (You-glen-a-less) • Family: Euglenceae (You-glen-see-aye) • Genus: Euglena • Species: Euglena gracilis (Taxonomy & Nomenclature of Euglena gracilis, 2013)

  42. About Euglena gracilis • Single cell, green in colour • Move with flagella • Live in water, travel with ducks • Have “eye” to find sunlight • Reproduce via Mitosis • Near bottom of food chain (Euglena: Euglena gracilis, 2004)

  43. Energy • Both Autotrophic and Heterotrophic • Eats Algae for extra chloroplast • Photosynthesizes with chloroplast • Eats smaller organisms if no sun • Mostly photosynthesizes (Euglena: Euglena gracilis, 2004)

  44. (Euglena: Euglena gracilis, 2004)

  45. Citations • (Alderman C, Strathy M, Cofield K, Edwards S (2002), The Protist Kingdom, retrieved on February 25, 2013, from http://students.ncwc.edu/bio101/protista/Default.htm ) • (Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Euglena gracilis (2013, Jan 18) Retrieved on March 1, 2013, from http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=9655) • (Euglena gracilis(2004, Nov 1), Retrieved on March 1, 2013, from http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/euglena.htm) • (Guillen A, (photographer), 2008, Amoeba (Photograph), retrieved on February 25, 2013, from http://www.flickr.com/photos/microagua/2695978355/) • (Euglena limnophila (photograph), retrieved on February 26, 2013, from http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/mastigophora/euglena/limnophila/limnophila_1a.html) • (mystuart, (Photographer), 2012, Slime Mold: Early and Later (Photograph), retrieved on February 25, 2013, from http://www.flickr.com/photos/melystu/7585966680/)

  46. Amoeba By: Kevin Wolak

  47. What are Amoebas • Single celled eukaryotic organism • Has no defined shape and move by (peseudopods) • Uses a process called phagocytises to obtain food • Taxonomy: Genus Taxonomy: Kingdom-Protozoa Phylum-Protozoa Class- LobosaOrder- AmoebidaFamily -AmoebidaeGenus- Amoeba Ehrenberg, Species- Amoeba proteus

  48. Environment/Habitat • Spend their time attached to the bottom or to plants • Occasional floats freely in water • Unattached and float around until they land in a new place and re-attach.

  49. Food Sources • Uses a process called phagocytises to obtain food • Amoebas eat algae, bacteria, other protozoans, • Also eat tiny particles of dead plant or animal matter. • Projections of the cell membrane of the amoeba extend and surround the food particle •  Digested in the vacuole

  50. Threats • Eaten by zooplankton • Viruses and bacteria • Release of enzymes

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