Essential Question :

1. Essential Question: • What were the principle causes & major effects of the counterculture movementsofthe1960s&1970s?

2. A Generation in Conflict:1965-1974

3. A Decade of Protest: 1965-1974 • The decade from 1965 to 1974 was marked by protest due to: • Escalation of the Vietnam War • Protests against Vietnam linked other social criticism—The “war abroad,” intensified a “war at home” • Attack on middle-class values • Increased college enrollment • The Sixties generation was the best educated in American history • The initial liberal protests began on college campuses but soon inspired other, national protests that included: African-Americans, Mexican Americans, Native Americans, Women, Hippies, etc.

4. The Student Revolt • The student protest movement began at UC-Berkeley in 1964 with the Free Speech movement • Students protested the “corporate face” & “1950s rules” of UC-Berkeley • Refused to allow Free Speech movement to collect money for off-campus causes • Students rioted when denied a political voice on campus • This inspired the formation of Students for a Democratic Society to end racism, poverty, & violence

5. Mario Savio & the Free Speech riots Brown University ended required courses & grades

6. Mario Savio & the Free Speech riots The Berkeley protests & University of Michigan-based SDS inspired riots on campuses across the USA

7. The “New Left” • Student activism reflected a new democratic political movement called the “New Left” • Promoted youth involvement in issues (“participatory democracy”) • Supported Civil Rights • Rejected conventional “1950s” roles for young people • Opposed the conflict in Vietnam • *The Vietnam War was the most significant issue of the “New Left”

8. The Cultural Revolution • The student protests coincided with counter-culture in 1965 • Beginning in San Francisco & spreading throughout the US, the “hippie”culture emphasized: • Clothing • Sexual expression: Increase in premarital sex & use of the “pill” • Drugs • Use of psychoactive & hallucinogenic drugs • “Everyone must get stoned,” Bob Dylan • Harvard professor Timothy Leary: “Let’s all try LSD!! Tune in, turn on, & drop out!” • Music: Folk Music, Acid rock, British invasion & electric rock, “Summer of Love” in 1967

9. The Cultural Revolution

10. Music was an important element to 1960s counter-culture

11. “Electric rock” like The Beatles Folk singers like Joan Baez & Bob Dylan (until Dylan discovered the electric guitar) “Acid rock” like the Grateful Dead

14. Is this the nation’s youth?? Drugs Sex Rock ‘n’ Roll No work ethic? Mostly children from upper-middle class families

15. 1968:The Year of Turmoil

16. 1968 • 1968 was one of the most turbulent years in U.S. history • Martin Luther King Jr. & Robert Kennedy were assassinated • Riots broke out at the Democratic National Convention • The Tet Offensive showed that the USA was not winning the Vietnam War

17. Protesting the Vietnam War • The most dramatic focus of youthful rebellion was Vietnam: • Mostly led by college students who escaped the draft • Students protested the draft, military research on college campuses, & disproportionate use of black & Hispanic soldiers • Protests got stronger as fighting intensified in Vietnam in 1966

18. U.S. Troop Levels in Vietnam

19. Vietnam in 1968 • In 1968, the Vietcong launched the Tet Offensive against U.S. forces in South Vietnam • The attack was contrary to media reports that the U.S. was winning the Vietnam War • The attack led LBJ to believe that Vietnam could not be won • In 1968, LBJ began discussions to seek a truce & announced that he would not seek re-election

20. The Tet Offensive, 1968

21. Well, come on all of you, big strong men, Uncle Sam needs your help again. He's got himself in a terrible jam Way down yonder in Vietnam So put down your books and pick up a gun, We're gonna have a whole lotta fun.

22. And it's one, two, three, What are we fighting for ? Don't ask me, I don't give a damn, Next stop is Vietnam; And it's five, six, seven, Open up the pearly gates, Well there ain't no time to wonder why, Whoopee! we're all gonna die

23. Come on Wall Street, don't be slow, Why man, this is war au-go-go There's plenty good money to be made By supplying the Army with the tools of its trade, But just hope and pray that if they drop the bomb, They drop it on the Viet Cong.

24. Assassinations in 1968 In 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated in Memphis & race riots broke out in over 100 cities

25. Assassinations in 1968 • In 1968, leading Democratic presidential candidate Robert Kennedy was shot during the California primary

26. The 1968 Democratic Convention • The withdraw of LBJ & death of RFK, left 2 candidates for the Democratic nomination in 1968: • MN Senator Eugene McCarthy (Idealistic & anti-war—supported by upper-middle class whites & college students) • VP Hubert Humphrey (Truman-style Cold Warrior—supported by Democratic party leaders; Did not campaign) • TV showed angry protestors & police fight outside the convention when Humphrey was nominated

27. 1968 Democratic National Convention

28. 1968 Democratic National Convention Republicans benefited from the Vietnam disaster & a shattered Democratic party; Nixon won the election as a reconciler

29. Republicans benefited from the Vietnam disaster & a shattered Democratic party; Nixon won the election as a reconciler

30. Essential Question: • What were the principle causes & effects of the counterculture movements of the 1960s & 1970s?

31. Social Protests of the 1960s & 1970s

32. "Black Power" • In the late 1960s, civil rights from political to economic equality • More than 50% of northern blacks lived in poverty • Leadership shifted from MLK’s nonviolent protest to militancy • Civil rights began to reflect the overt embrace of black culture & pride: dashikis, afros, “dap,” rejection of “slave names,” & the “black is beautiful” motto

33. 1968 Mexico City Olympics Tommie Smith & John Carlos

34. "Black Power" “Political power comes through the barrel of a gun” —Huey Newton • SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael: • Told blacks to seize power where they outnumber whites • Called for black-controlled unions, co-ops, & political parties • The Black Panthers dedicating themselves to defending blacks from police brutality & serving their communities

35. “Brown Power” • Mexican-Americans began to advocate for their rights: • “La Raza”called for cultural awareness, voter registration, education & poverty reforms • César Chávez organized the Nat’l Farm Workers' Assoc to demand better treatment and pay for pickers • “Chicanos”called for & won bilingual education programs

36. United Farm Workers

37. “East L.A. Blowouts”

38. “Pink Power” • Women's Liberation movement demanded increased rights & an end to sexism in America: • Friedan’s Feminine Mystique criticized 1950s housewife life (But in most families, both parents worked out of the home & unmarried adults outnumbered married adults for the first time) • National Org of Women (NOW) called for equal pay, child care, rape laws, & abortion laws • In 1973, the Supreme Court upheld abortion rights in Roe v Wade • In the late 1960s, the “pill” became widely available • Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was revived to end sexism

39. The ERA fell 3 states shy of the ¾ needed for ratification

40. The leader of the anti-ERA movement was Phyllis Schlafly who believed that women were protected by the Equal Pay Act (1963) & Civil Rights Act The feminist leaders supporting the ERA were Gloria Steinem & Betty Friedan, author of Feminine Mystique (1963) & president of NOW

41. “Rainbow Power” • The Gay Liberation movement started in 1969 after the Stonewall Riot in New York City • The Gay Liberation Front demanded end to discrimination & rallied gays to “come out” • The American Psychiatry Assoc ended its classification of homosexuality as a disease • ½ of all states changed their sodomy & employment laws

42. “Red Power” • The American Indian movement sought to service its communities & regain lost lands: • “Indians of All Tribes” took Alcatraz Island in 1969 & called attention to the movement • “Trail of Broken Tears” in 1972 & “Long March” in 1978 helped lead to the return of lands across the country to tribes • A 5-month protest from California to D.C. to protest past U.S. treaty violations • Resulted in marches on the Bureau of Indian Affairs in D.C. & Wounded Knee in S.D.

44. “Yellow Power” • The Asian-American movement began with the formation of the Asian American Political Alliance: • Protested U.S. involvement in Vietnam & use of term “gooks” • Called for & received Asian-American studies in colleges, health services in Asian communities, & reparations for interned Japanese-Americans

45. Civil Liberties • Civil liberties were protected for people accused of crimes: • Gideon v Wainwright (1963)—all citizens, no matter the crime, have the right to an attorney • Escobedo v Illinois (1964)—citizens have the right to remain silent during interrogations • Miranda v Arizona (1966)—suspects must be told of their right against self-incrimination

46. Conclusions • The counterculture & “power protests” used similar methods: • Active & often-militant protest for civil & economic rights • Cultural pride & awareness: • “Black is Beautiful,””Gay is Good,” & “Sisterhood is Powerful” • These protests would continue but would faced confrontation by the conservative politics of the 1970s & 1980s