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Transatlantic Encounters and Colonial Beginnings. 1492-1690. 1st European contacts with Native Americans. The Native American World.
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The Native American World • Many experts believe the first people to reach North America arrived from Asia as part of a migration, the movement of people for the purpose of settling in a new place. • Native Americans hunted, fished, farmed, and gathered food, depending on the local environment. Some were nomads, people who move their homes regularly in search of food. • Many Native American societies were organized by kinship groups and clans. A clan is made up of groups of families who share a common ancestor. • Barter, or trade, within and among Native American groups was common. • Native Americans believed it was right to use the land, but that land could never be owned or traded.
EUROPE, 500-1300 • Warriors invading the former Roman Empire caused instability in the early Middle Ages. Feudalism developed: Servants worked the land on the manors of powerful nobles in exchange for protection. • The Roman Catholic Church governed many aspects of European society. Aside from the clergy, few people were educated. • In the late Middle Ages, economic growth created a middleclassof merchants, traders, and artisans. Powerful monarchs,or rulers, increased their wealth. • In 1215, the Magna Carta,a document signed by England’s King John, granted legal rights to his nobles. The Magna Carta shaped British, and later American, law.
Economy Culture Politics Nations competedfor Asian trade. Ancient Greek, Roman,and Muslim art and learning wererediscovered. Reformation:revolt against theRoman CatholicChurch Improved seafaring technologyaided explorationand trade. Philosophy ofhumanism: use ofreason and experimentationin learning Government by noblesand the Church declined. Spain and Portugalcompeted to explore trade routes. Michelangelo, Leonardo da VinciShakespeare The rise of nations The European Renaissance The Rebirth of Europe
Why Columbus Sailed • In 1492, the queen and king of Spain sent Christopher Columbus to find a sea route to India. • Columbus hoped to enrich his family, to conquer non-Christian lands, and to spread Christianity. • Muslims controlled overland trade routes between Europe and Asia; Europeans wanted a sea route so that they could trade directly. • Portugal had found an eastern sea route to India. Rival Spain sought an easier western route. • Columbus made four voyages to the Americas. Despite evidence to the contrary, he always believed he had reached the Indies. “I was to go by way of the west, whence until today we do not know with certainty that anyone has gone…” Log of Christopher Columbus
Columbian Exchange: • An era of transatlantic trade, where Europe and the Americas were introduced to one another’s crops, animals, technology, customs, and diseases • Native Americans suffered from smallpox, typhus, and measles.
Columbian Exchange America -Gold, silver -Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, Tobacco, beans, chocolate Europe -Wheat, sugar, rice, Coffee -horses, cows, pigs -small pox, measles, Bubonic plague, flu, Scarlet fever Europe -Wheat, sugar, rice, Coffee -horses, cows, pigs -small pox, measles, Bubonic plague, flu, Scarlet fever
Spain’s Empire in North America • The Spanish explored the Americas for “God, gold, and glory”: to spread Christianity and the teachings of the Catholic Church, to gain wealth, and to win fame. Spanish Explorers • Juan Ponce de León explored Florida in 1513 seeking the fountain of youth. • Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513. • Hernán Cortés, a conquistador, or Spanish conqueror, conquered all of the Aztec empire, located in present-day Mexico, by 1521. • Conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan empire, centered in present-day Peru, South America. • Ferdinand Megellan circumnavigated the globe 1519-1522 • Francisco Coronado explored New Mexico, Arizona in search of the city of gold. He discovered the Grand Canyon 1540-1542 • Hernando de Soto explored from Florida west across the Mississippi to Arkansas in search of gold. He tortured many Native Americans 1539-1542
Spain’s Empire in North America Spanish Empire • Colonies are areas settled by immigrants who continue to be ruled by their parent country. Colonies in the Americas made the Spanish wealthy, using Native Americans and Africans to mine silver and gold, and to farm plantations. • Encomienda system allowed the Spanish Government to give Indians to certain colonists as slaves in return for the promise of trying to convert them to Christianity. Pushing North • Missionaries, people sent by their church to teach and spread their religion, established the Catholic Church in North America and kept outposts occupied. • Decline 1588, the English navy destroyed the Spanish Armada, taking their place as the most powerful navy in the world.
French colonization of Canada The Fur Trade • The French explored the continent in search of trading opportunities. • Native Americans trapped fur-producing animals and traded them to the French. North American furs sold well in Europe in the 1600s. • By the late 1600s, the territory of New France was a long narrow colony that followed waterways necessary for transporting furs and other goods. French Exploration • From 1523 to 1524, Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed for the French in search of the Northwest Passage. • Jacques Cartier made three voyages (1543–1542) to the region of present-day Canada. The French claimed the territory and named it New France. • In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded the first successful French colony in North America: Quebec, in present-day Canada.
Settling the New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies • In England, some Puritans, or people who wanted a church “purer” than the Anglican Church, started separate churches of their own and were called Separatists. Both Separatists and non-Separatists sailed to New England aboard the Mayflower. Under the Mayflower Compact, all on board the Mayflower agreed to obey the laws of their new government. This compact kept the Pilgrims, as they came to be called, together. • Most Puritans did not embrace religious tolerance, the idea that people of different religions should live in peace together.
Settling the New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies • English settlers clashed with Native Americans over territory in King Philip’s War, which began in 1675. Though the English conquered the region, it took them several years to recover from the war. • The Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware) began as proprietary colonies, colonies granted by a monarch to an individual or group who could make a colony’s laws and rule it as they wished. The Southern Colonies of Maryland, Georgia, and the Carolinas also began as proprietary colonies.
English settlement of New England, Middle colonies, and the South
English Colonization Causes of English Colonization: -Naval superiority -High Unemployment -Overpopulation -Adventure -Religious Freedom
Colonial Policies and Self Government • England’s colonial policies were based on two ideas: • 1. Mercantilism — the theory that a country should try to get and keep as much bullion, or gold and silver, as possible. • 2. Balance of trade — the difference in value between imports and exports should show more exports than imports. In this way, the country profits, or keeps more bullion. • By the early 1700s, similarities in colonial governments included: 1. A governor appointed by the king 2. A colonial legislature that • served under the governor • had an upper house council appointed by the king • had an elected lower house • Local leaders came to dominate the legislatures, and thus upheld England’s long tradition of strong local government.
Jamestown 1607 • Jamestown, VA became the first permanent English Colony in North America • The Virginia Company was given a Charter by King James I for a settlement in the New World • The Charter guaranteed that settlers would have the same rights as Englishmen in England • John Smith prevented the colony from failing through his strong leadership. He established peace with the local tribe by making friends with the Chief’s daughter, Pocahontas • Of the 400 original settlers, only 60 survived the winter, resorting to eating rats, dogs, and even digging up corpses and eating them. One man was even executed for killing his wife, salting her, then eating her. “He who shall not work, shall not eat.” -John Smith
Jamestown and Native Americans • Powhatans initially welcomed the English • Tensions increased when food became scarce and settlers raided Indian villages for food. • In 1610, a series of wars were fought between the English and the Indians. By 1685, the Powhatans were considered extinct, disease being the natives worst enemy.
Maryland: Catholic Haven • Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, prominent English Catholic • Sought refuge from religious persecution in England • Colony prospered on tobacco worked by indentured servants • Act of Toleration of 1649, guaranteed religious toleration of all Christians
Colonizing the Carolinas • 1670, Founded by the King Charles II favorite nobles, called them the Lord’s Proprietors • Carolina named after King Charles II • Many settlers emigrated from Barbados, bringing slavery with them. • Many Indians were captured and sold into slavery, causing bloody wars between the settlers and Indians.
Charles Town • Became busiest seaport in the South • Many wealthy Englishmen moved to Charleston, giving it a rich, aristocratic flavor
Colonizing Georgia • Founded by James Oglethrope in 1733 • Georgia was named for King George II, and was intended to be a buffer between the Spanish colonies to the south and the wealthy English colonies to the north. • Primary city was Savannah on the Savannah river • Georgia was also a colony for Englishmen imprisoned for debt.
The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism • 1517,Martin Luther denounced authority of the pope, the Bible is only source of God’s word • 1536, John Calvin wrote “Institutes of Christian Religion”. Said God was good and people were wicked. People were “pre-destined for heaven or hell • Inspired a religious “purification” of English churches, Puritans pushed for reforms. • Reforms came too slow, so Separatists decided to break with the English Church completely
The Pilgrims and Plymouth • Dutch Separatists loaded on to the Mayflower in 1620 • Leaders drew up the Mayflower Compact • Established a government that would submit to the will of the majority • William Bradford governed the colony
The Massachusetts Bay Colony • 1629, Non-Separatists sought to reform the church from within. • 1630, the Massachusetts Bay Company established the colony at Massachusetts, with Boston at its hub. • John Winthrop became the first governor, and would be governor for 19 years • Protestant Ethic-serious commitment to hard work to yield success
John Winthrop • “We shall be a city upon a hill, a beacon to humanity.” • He sought to create a utopian puritan society • Thought democracy was the “meanest and worst” forms of government
Anne Hutchinson • Claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation, and the truly saved need not obey the laws of man • Claimed she had come by these beliefs through direct revelation form God • She was banished from the Colony.
Rhode Island • Roger Williams, a preacher from Salem with radical religious ideas, fled to Rhode Island to escape persecution in 1636 • Providence, Rhode Island a Baptist Church was founded. Williams established complete religious freedom, even for Jews and Catholics • Rhode Island became a haven for the Bay Colonies’ exiles
Connecticut • Founded in 1635 by a group of Boston Puritans led by Thomas Hooker • In 1639 they drafted a trailblazing document known as the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut • Was a modern constitution that made the government responsible to its people • Church membership was not a requirement to participate
Puritans Versus the Indians • Spreading of English settlements led to clashes with Native Americans • The Wampanoag through the English speaking Squanto, initially welcomed the Puritans • A treaty was signed by Chief Massasoit and the Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621, the First Thanksgiving • 1637, hostilities broke out between the Pequot and English settlers in Connecticut, the Pequot were wiped out. • Metacom or King Philip of the Wampanoag, united several tribes in resist the English in 1675 and waged a long bloody war on the settlers. Ultimately, the settlers won, although westward migration was slowed.
Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania • Quakers refused to support the church of England with taxes • Quakers were devotely religious, but were persecuted for their beliefs • Penn secured a grant from the king in 1681, and the Quakers settled Pennsylvania • Quakers treated Natives fairly, and developed a hatred for slavery
Resistance to colonial authority: Bacon’s Rebellion and the Glorious Revolution
Bacon’s Rebellion • 1670, many freed indentured servants were angry over their lack of land and opportunity • They were seeking lands in the west, and were angry with the Governor of Virginia for not protecting them from the Indians • Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion against both the natives and the Virginian government • The Governor was driven from his home, and Jamestown was burned • Once the rebellion was crushed, 20 men were hanged for treason • Illustrated the tensions between the land owning elite and the poor landless men of the Chesapeake area.
The Glorious Revolution • In 1686, the Dominion of New England was created. It imposed rule from London to enforce the Navigation Laws, a series of laws passed that limited New England’s trade to areas controlled by England. – Sir Edmund Andros • 1688-89, during The Glorious ( Bloodless) Revolution Englishmen dethroned the unpopular King James II and replaced him with the popular William III and his wife Mary. • When news of the revolt reached the colonies, the Dominion of New England fell apart, and the trade restrictions under the Navigation Laws collapsed. • The Dominion of New England planted the seeds of discontent against royal authority in the colonies.
