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Big Bang Theory

Big Bang Theory. Origins Of The Universe. A-B-C. Which of the following are used as evidence for Big Bang Theory? Second law of thermodynamics Universe is expanding (Red Shift) Radiation echo or CMB Einstein’s theory of general relativity. Evidence for Big Bang.

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Big Bang Theory

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  1. Big Bang Theory Origins Of The Universe

  2. A-B-C Which of the following are used as evidence for Big Bang Theory? Second law of thermodynamics Universe is expanding (Red Shift) Radiation echo or CMB Einstein’s theory of general relativity

  3. Evidence for Big Bang S - Second law of thermodynamics U - Universe is expanding (Red Shift) R - Radiation echo or CMB E - Einstein’s theory of general relativity

  4. Second law of thermodynamics • Ultimately we will go to heat death. If the universe was eternal the sun would have burned out. The universe must have had a beginning. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0NBosKaznA

  5. Georges Lemaitre • Belgian priest, astronomer and professor of physics. • The first person to propose the theory of the expansion of the Universe in 1927, widely misattributed to Edwin Hubble.

  6. Universe is expanding • Edwin Hubble in 1929. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kg9F5pN5tlI • If we could go back in time mathematically and logically the universe would collapse back to one point.

  7. Universe is expanding • Hubble observed ‘Red Shift’, or light from stars and galaxies moving away from us.

  8. Universe is expanding • Over the last few years Lawrence Krauss has discovered that the universe is accelerating in its expansion! In fact, pretty soon our ‘markers’ will be out of sight!!! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHtEnaLn2rY

  9. Describe 2 pieces of evidence for the Big Bang theory. • Second Law of Thermodynamics shows that all things lose energy – the universe must have had a beginning. • Stars and galaxies can be measured to be moving away from each other – the universe is expanding.

  10. ‘Big Bang’ (lmao) • In 1949 Fred Hoyle mockingly labelled the theory of expansion which was growing in popularity as the ‘Big Bang’. The name stuck! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hm9Y62gCjUk

  11. ‘Big Bang’ • Hoyle, (and others) was a proponent of the “steady state” theory which suggested that the universe, though in motion, was ultimately unchanging.

  12. Steady State theory • The universe is eternal and essentially unchanging. • Galaxies we observe moving away from each other have new ones that develop between them fill the space they leave. • The resulting universe is in a "steady state" in the same manner that a flowing river is - the individual water molecules are moving away but the overall river remains the same.

  13. Radiation echo or CMB • Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered it by accident in 1965. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vaKdCgs7Ojk • Radiation afterglow / remnant heat from Big Bang. Can be observed.

  14. Radiation echo or CMB • If afterglow does exist and Big bang did happen we should find tiny temperature variations across the known universe… we did! • COBE Space Satellite was sent up in 1989 to measure and attempt to detect the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).

  15. Radiation echo or CMB • This video was produced 20 years ago! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9FH-v9wfEA

  16. Radiation echo or CMB After 3 years they found the variations.

  17. Stephen Hawking “This is the greatest discovery of cosmology, perhaps even the greatest discovery of all time.”

  18. Radiation echo • The temperature variations allowed galaxies to form and for us to ultimately be here. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQf9aLWp3x4&feature=fvwp&NR=1

  19. Radiation echo or CMB • More recently satellites have been able to give us even more detailed images of CMB.

  20. Einstein’s theory of general relativity 1916

  21. Einstein’s theory of general relativity • Time, space and matter and co-relative • The universe came into existence with space and time together • ‘Out of nothing’

  22. Describe 4 pieces of evidence for the Big Bang theory. • Second Law of Thermodynamics shows that all things lose energy – the universe must have had a beginning. • Stars and galaxies can be measured to be moving away from each other – the universe is expanding. • Cosmic Microwave Background can be measured – this is the afterglow of the Big Bang. • Einstein’s theory of general relativity – space, time and matter co-exist and therefore the universe came into existence out of nothing.

  23. Evidence for Big Bang S - Second law of thermodynamics U - Universe is expanding (Red Shift) R - Radiation echo or CMB E - Einstein’s theory of general relativity

  24. Pair and Share • Get into pairs and take it in turns to choose one of the following pieces of evidence for the Big Bang and explain it to your partner: • Second law of thermodynamics • Universe is expanding (Red Shift) • Radiation echo or CMB • Einstein’s theory of general relativity

  25. Big Bang Theory • Based on these findings it was hypothesised that: • The universe can’t have existed forever or be eternal. • Due to expansion the universe must at one point have been much smaller than it is at the moment. • The universe must also have been an incredibly hot and dense place. • The universe must have started from a finite point and before this moment there was no space, matter or time.

  26. Big Bang Theory

  27. Big Bang Theory • 13.7 billion years ago the universe was contained in a singularity where everything that exists now held. • This singularity was incredibly hot (so hot it contained only energy) and unbelievably small. • An expansion occurred and after 1 second the universe filled with a dense fog. After 400,000 years the fog settled to form atoms. • Vast clouds of gas floated around until after 1 billion years one cloud became so dense that the first star was born. • Stars grouped into galaxies and the night sky came to look as it does today.

  28. 13.7 Billion Years 13,700,000,000 years

  29. Describe… • Use these key words to describe Big Bang model: • 13.7 billion years ago • singularity • incredibly hot • unbelievably small • expansion • 1 second • dense fog • 400,000 years • atoms • 1 billion years • first star was born • stars grouped into galaxies

  30. Describe… • Use these key words to describe Big Bang model: • 13.7 billion years ago • singularity • incredibly hot • unbelievably small • expansion • 1 second • dense fog • 400,000 years • atoms • 1 billion years • first star was born • stars grouped into galaxies

  31. Describe… • Use these key words to describe Big Bang model: • 13.7 billion years ago • singularity • incredibly hot • unbelievably small • expansion • 1 second • dense fog • 400,000 years • atoms • 1 billion years • first star was born • stars grouped into galaxies

  32. Strengths of Big Bang • Strong scientific basis for this model • Ties together evidence • Offers a rational and logical explanation • Has been thoroughly tested verified and falsified • The best model we have (so far!) • Allows for the existence of God??? • Takes logical steps

  33. Limitations of Big Bang • Based on circumstantial evidence and induction e.g. the assumption that because the universe has expanded that it will keep on expanding • It is too complex (this is a very poor argument) • Does it offer any explanation as to purpose / meaning? • What happened at 10-34 sec? (Big Bang model fails here)

  34. 10-34 sec 0.0000000000000000000000000000000001 sec Olympics stop here!

  35. 10-34 sec 0.0000000000000000000000000000000001 sec Big Bang stops here!

  36. Contemporary Models • The key problem with the traditional Big Bang model is that there appears to be ‘all effect and no cause’. • Many mathematicians believe the traditional Big Bang model fails at 10-34 sec. • 10 years ago it was seen as ‘radical’ to hold the view that there was a ‘before the Big Bang’. Now this is a mainstream belief and has led to other potential models for the origins of the universe…

  37. Contemporary Models • Linde’s ‘Swiss Cheese’ model • Turok’s ‘Brane’ model • The ‘Big Bounce’ model • The ‘Black Hole Universe Maker’ or ‘BHUM’ model (Mr V has made this up, this is not really what it is called) • The ‘Big Wave’ model

  38. The ‘Swiss Cheese’ model • Andrei Linde http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pvx5iZBuTiI • No need for explosion, inflation does all the work. • Explains size and relative smoothness of universe.

  39. The ‘Swiss Cheese’ model • Swiss cheese analogy where the ‘cheese’ is heavy vacuum and we exist in the ‘space’ in between. • There are 10 to the power 10 to the power 10 to the power 7 other universes out there. • The universe has always existed.

  40. The ‘Brane’ model • Neil Turok http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9iJMWJdyw8 • There cannot be eternal inflation. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTkJ-ymtDj4

  41. The ‘Brane’ model • If we get the answer of infinity there’s something wrong! • Turok – we exist in a ‘brane’ (membrane) which collides with a 4th dimension

  42. Michio Kaku • Kaku – stop talking about nothing as absolute nothing – vacuum is better • There is: • ‘absolute’ nothing • nothing which is an ‘absence of matter’ • The universe was within a vacuum so nothing wasn’t ‘absolute’ nothing, rather the 2nd kind above!

  43. Michio Kaku • ‘Expanding soap bubbles’. • We are part of a multiverse and our universe exists on an expanding membrane • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkW7lPMhqSI

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