Flipped Learning

1. For this lesson you were asked to complete some revision on the impact of the war on the North and the South. In your pairs you have each been given a ‘Tarsia’ quiz which I would like you put together as quickly as possible. The first ones to do so will win a prize. DUE IN Revise the impact of the war on the North and the South in preparation of a quiz on what you have learnt. Flipped Learning On your white board come up with 3 images and 1 word to describe either the North or the South after the war. The rest of us will then try and depict which side you have drawn!

2. To what extent can Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan be considered too lenient of the South? EXPLAIN what Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction was EVALUATE How lenient Lincoln’s plan is on the South UNDERSTAND what Reconstruction is and the issues surrounding it.

3. What is Reconstruction? Before we start to look at what happened with Reconstruction, we need to understand what it is. On your paper, write down the answer to the following question: What do you think needed reconstructing? What is Reconstruction? UNDERSTAND what Reconstruction is and the issues surrounding it. EXPLAIN what Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction was EVALUATE How lenient Lincoln’s plan is on the South In 1865 the triumphant federal government faced the problem of restoring the Confederate states to the Union. This process is known as Reconstruction. The period from 1865 to 1877 is often called the ‘age of Reconstruction’. However, Reconstruction was not something that began in 1865: it was an issue from 1861 onwards and was really what the war was all about. Nor did the process of Reconstruction end in 1877: in most southern states it ended much earlier. The debate over timescale is by no means the only debate about Reconstruction. Virtually every aspect of the topic is subject to controversy.

4. From the outset it was never going to be easy to put a plan for Reconstruction in place. This had not been done before and the Constitution provided little guidance. Issues and solutions varied depending not only where you were from, but also your core principles. UNDERSTAND what Reconstruction is and the issues surrounding it. EXPLAIN what Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction was EVALUATE How lenient Lincoln’s plan is on the South • You have been given a series of statements that represent different view points on what people wanted out of Reconstruction. You decide whether each one represents the: • South’s view • North’s view • Radical Republican • CHALLENGE: How much of a problem was this for Lincoln with regards to reconstruction? What issues did Lincoln face with regards to Reconstruction?

5. What was Lincoln’s plan with regards to Reconstruction? What kind of approach did Lincoln take with regards to emancipation? Whilst Lincoln supported the end of slavery, he was also pragmatic moderate. When it came to Reconstruction Lincoln believed it was his concern (though he realised that once the war had ended his powers would be reduced). In order to gain control over Reconstruction he stuck to his core aim – restore the Union as quickly as possible. UNDERSTAND what Reconstruction is and the issues surrounding it. EXPLAIN what Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction was EVALUATE How lenient Lincoln’s plan is on the South • TASK: • Based on the different view points I would like you to come up with a Reconstruction plan as if you were Lincoln. Think about what you would do with regards to: • Slavery • Who is going to run the states • How will you deal with Confederate officials CHALLENGE Who is likely to challenge and support your ideas?

6. TASK: Compare your plan to that of Lincoln’s. How different is it? Explain why. What ideas underpinned Lincoln’s? Who do you think would have supported / challenged it? What was Lincoln’s plan with regards to Reconstruction? The Ten Percent Plan: • Lincoln used the military governors in areas they had taken and were expected to work with whatever popular support they could find. • The idea was to find enough loyal citizens to form a new state government. But what constituted as ‘enough’? • Lincoln spelt out his Reconstruction ideas in December 1863 (under 18 months before the war had actually ended). He offered pardons to white southerners who would take an oath of allegiance to the Union. • However, for many Confederate office holders and those who mistreated prisoners during the war, Lincoln would not allow them to join in new state governments. • Eventually, when ten per cent of the 1860 electorate had taken the oath, a new state government could be established. • Provided the state then accepted the abolition of slavery, Lincoln agreed to recognise its government. In early 1864 Tennessee, Louisiana and Arkansas had used the Ten Percent Plan to set up new governments. UNDERSTAND what Reconstruction is and the issues surrounding it. EXPLAIN what Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction was EVALUATE How lenient Lincoln’s plan is on the South

7. To what extent was Lincoln’s plan too lenient on the South? In order to assess how lenient Lincoln’s plan was, we need to assess the reaction. • Radical Republicans generally disagreed with Lincoln (e.g. Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner and Benjamin Wade). • Many had sat in Congress for years and therefore had influence on key committees. • Most had good abolitionist credentials and supported equal rights for back Americans. • However, some argue their motivation, particularly for black suffrage, was a political rather than ideal motive. • This was because by allowing ex-slaves to vote, it would allow the Republicans to remain supreme. • But there were many radicals did not separate idealism and political pragmatism and aired their belief about black Americans being entitled to vote along with the fact it could secure the Republican position. Look at the Wade –Davis Bill (page 196) and answer the following questions: How does it differ to Lincoln’s plan? Overall, how radical was it? In what way does its introduction reflect that Lincoln was being too Lenient on the South? UNDERSTAND what Reconstruction is and the issues surrounding it. EXPLAIN what Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction was EVALUATE How lenient Lincoln’s plan is on the South

8. To what extent was Lincoln’s plan too lenient on the South? Whilst the Radical’s Republican reflect the view that Lincoln was too Lenient, we need to consider the other side of the argument. Create your own list of reasons why Lincoln might not be considered too lenient on the South. • Slavery was ended and slaves confiscated • Lincoln's belief that there was a substantial pro-Union population in the South (possible naively) and so believed that 10% would be the tip of the iceberg.  He therefore had faith that the South no longer controlled by the plantation owners would be fair in reconstruction. • He seemed to be moving towards black people having equality before the law in 1865 and talked on occasion of giving the vote to those who fought for the Union (at least) • As stated in his 2nd inaugural address sought ' malice towards none' and a 'just and lasting peace', this was not weakness or  lenience but honest and honourable aims • Seeing reconstruction as a Presidential matter not a Congressional one was for Lincoln a valid constitutional position not aimed at preventing Radical Republicans  UNDERSTAND what Reconstruction is and the issues surrounding it. EXPLAIN what Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction was EVALUATE How lenient Lincoln’s plan is on the South 2. Compare and add to your list with the reasons here and number them in order starting with the main reason Lincoln could be seen to not be Lenient.

9. To what extent was Lincoln’s plan too lenient on the South? The fact that Lincoln was assassinated on 14th April 1865 means that we don’t know where Lincoln was going with his plan. He did seem to be moving cautiously towards the view that black people should have equality and possibly the vote, if they had fought in the war. However, he was generous when it came to punishment of Confederate leaders amongst other things, stating ‘malice towards none’ and of ‘just and lasting peace’. He left a cabinet that was divided on a host of Reconstruction matters. UNDERSTAND what Reconstruction is and the issues surrounding it. EXPLAIN what Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction was EVALUATE How lenient Lincoln’s plan is on the South Now that you have looked at the arguments for both sides, I would like you to conduct a silent debate on the tables at the back of the room. One side of the room will argue that he was lenient on the South and the other said will say he wasn’t and write evidence on the desks to support your statement. You will then swap round and argue against the points on the other side, but without making a sound. Go back to the other side and undermine some of the counter-arguments made on your original statement.

10. UNDERSTAND what Reconstruction is and the issues surrounding it. EXPLAIN what Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction was EVALUATE How lenient Lincoln’s plan is on the South Very lenient Not lenient Put your name on the post-it and place along the Continuum ‘Lincoln’s plan was too lenient on the South’. How far do you agree with this view?

11. For next lesson you will need to: TASK: Explained what happened during the Lincoln assassination. Flip Learning