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Understanding the Central Nervous System: Functioning in Health and Disease

This comprehensive overview delves into the workings of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in both health and disease. Explore the roles of neurons, glial cells, and blood vessels, alongside techniques for studying brain function, such as electrophysiology and neuroimaging. We examine the cellular basis of synaptic function, consciousness, and memory storage, including the impact of neurotransmitters. The lecture also discusses factors influencing movement control and consciousness, and reflects on the challenges of advancing therapies for neurological diseases.

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Understanding the Central Nervous System: Functioning in Health and Disease

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Welcome to 755 • Brain in health and disease • Chris Elliott & Sean Sweeney • Aim: describe the workings of the CNS • in health and disease • Neurons • Glia • Blood vessels • See http://biolpc22.york.ac.uk/755

  2. Synapses Learning & Memory • complementary module • more cellular approach • what is cellular basis of synaptic function • how does this relate to learning • how is memory stored and related to our “conscious remembering” • Gareth Evans, Sean Sweeney, Chris Elliott

  3. Reading • Purves, D et al 2008 Neuroscience 4th ed (Sinauer) • Most of my pictures come from this • Carlson NR (2010) Physiology of behaviour (10th ed) (Allyn & Bacon)

  4. Diseases

  5. Aim of the lecture • Techniques to study brain • What makes a brain? • neurons glia • synapses • neurotransmitters • mammalian brain regions • Consciousness

  6. Techniques for brain study • Anatomy • post-mortem ? • Electrophysiology • Extra - & Intracellular recording • Electroencephalography • DBS & TMS • Scanners • PET & fMRI

  7. Silver stain/fluorescent label Immunocytochemistry deoxyglucose Anatomical techniques

  8. Intracellular recording

  9. Electroencephalography • EEG

  10. DBS (deep brain stimulation) TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) transient stimulus or lesion by intense electromagnetic wave DBS & TMS

  11. CT scanners (X-rays) PET inject positron-labelled H2O accumulates labelled O2 or glucose fMRI – resonance of haemoglobin affects nearby water depending on amount of O2 bound Scanners

  12. Summary so far… • Properties of neurons accessible • anatomically • functionally • even in humans

  13. What makes a brain ?

  14. Cells • Axon • Dendrites • Soma

  15. Synapses

  16. Molecular release of NT

  17. Key neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine – NMJ / heart / CNS • Glutamate main excitatory NT • GABA main inhibitory NT • glycine in spinal cord • Adrenaline • Dopamine • Serotonin • Any diseases ? • degenerative • developmental

  18. Glia • About 100 times more glial cells than neurons • Support neurons

  19. Astrocytes form blood-brain barrier

  20. Dura [hard] mater Arachnoid [spider-like] pia [soft, gentle] mater meningitis ~ 9 new cases in UK+Ireland /day Meninges

  21. Neurons • Why are neurons so interesting ? • Fast signalling • Specific connections • Long distances • Key features: • Need glia • Ion channels • Synaptic transmission

  22. Summary so far… • Properties of neurons accessible • anatomically • functionally • even in humans • Brain depends on • neurons • glia • blood supply • constant environment

  23. Human CNS

  24. Axes of human CNS

  25. Planes of section

  26. Lobes of the cortex

  27. Sagital section

  28. hippocampus Brainstem

  29. Spinal cord

  30. cerebellum cerebral hemispheres optic tectum olfactory bulb medulla http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1093/icb/42.4.743?journalCode=icbi

  31. Summary so far… • Properties of neurons accessible • Brain depends on … • Main parts of CNS • cortex = cerebrum • highly developed in mammals, especially primates • midbrain • brainstem • spinal cord

  32. How does brain activity link to movement?

  33. Spinal cord

  34. Feedback reflex

  35. feedback reflexes

  36. Motor cortex • motivated movement

  37. Basal ganglia • timing of movement

  38. Cerebellum • important in learned motor skills

  39. Summary so far… • Properties of neurons accessible • Brain depends on … • Main parts of CNS • Feedback control of movement • spinal cord • cerebellum • Feedforward • cortex • basal ganglia

  40. Consciousness?

  41. Stages of Sleep

  42. Sleep pattern

  43. Dolphins can sleep with L or R half- brain Flies sleep roles for DA and 5-HT Sleep

  44. Sleep is necessary

  45. Summary to end… • Properties of neurons accessible • Brain depends on … • Main parts of CNS • Control of movement • Feedback • Feedforward • Control of awareness

  46. Thought for the day • "Why does research take so long?“ • "Why is progress so slow?“ • "Why don't we have effective therapies for these devastating diseases?" http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/29/41/12722

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