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DNA and RNA

DNA and RNA. The Chain of Life. DNA. DNA – D eoxyribo n ucleic A cid DNA … RNA…proteins… make up cells…life DNA is often called the blueprint of life. DNA. Why important to you? 1) every new cell needs copy of DNA to make proteins 2) pass on DNA to offspring

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DNA and RNA

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  1. DNA and RNA The Chain of Life

  2. DNA • DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid • DNA … RNA…proteins… make up cells…life • DNAis often called the blueprint of life.

  3. DNA • Why important to you?1) every new cell needs copy of DNA to make proteins 2) pass on DNA to offspring 3)medical benefits such as cures for diseases, 4)better food crops and animals

  4. James Watson Francis Crick Who discovered structure? - movie

  5. A HISTORY OF DNA • Discovery of the DNA double helix A. Frederick Griffith – Discovers that a factor in diseased bacteria can transform harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria (1928) B. Rosalind Franklin- X-ray photo of DNA. (1952) C. Watson and Crick- described the DNA molecule from Franklin’s X-ray. (1953)

  6. DNA • Made up ofpolymers – composed of sub units called monomers

  7. DNA • DNA and RNA repeating units = nucleotides – 2 together form DNA chain

  8. DNA • Called a DOUBLE HELIX • Held together with hydrogen bonds : share 1 electron

  9. DNA • Nucleotides – 3 parts5 carbon sugar called deoxyribosephosphate groupnitrogen base ( 4 kinds)

  10. DNA • adenine purines: 2 rings guanine

  11. DNA • thymine pyrimidines : 1 ringcytosine

  12. DNA • A = T with two hydrogen bondsC = G with three hydrogen bonds • DNA structure movie

  13. The earth is 150 billion m or 93 million miles from the sun. DNA by the numbers • Each cell has about 2 meters of DNA. • The average human has 75 trillion cells. • The average human has enough DNA to go from the earth to the sun more than 400 times. • DNA has a diameter of only 0.000000002 m. • It contains information equal to some 600,000 printed pages of 500 words each!!! (a library of about 1,000 books)

  14. DNA is like a fingerprint because everyone’s is a little different! How does the police look at DNA to figure out who committed a crime?

  15. STEP # 1 The DNA gets cut up by special scissors!!!

  16. The scissors can only cut the same color!

  17. STEP # 2 All of the cut up pieces of DNA are different sizes.

  18. STEP # 3 A special machine sorts the DNA by size. (Little pieces are fast, so they move faster to the bottom.) BIG TOP LITTLE BOTTOM

  19. We are ALL a little bit different! Mrs.Nickerson’sDNA BIG LITTLE Sara’sDNA

  20. Soooo…. How do we tell people apart just by their DNA anyways???

  21. Our DNA has different sizes of pieces so it makes a different pattern when it’s all cut up. Mrs. Nickerson’s DNA Sara’s DNA

  22. Mrs. Nickerson’s Sara This is what it really looks like!!!

  23. Mrs. Nickerson’s Sara ? Is the red box around Mrs. Nickerson’s DNA or around Sara’s DNA?

  24. DNA • Replication : Unwind and Unziphydrogen bonds are broken with enzyme called helicasefree floating nitrogen bases come in and bond copying occurs

  25. Replication… • Replication flash Movie Replication full movie

  26. Identical base sequences

  27. Mutations Wild type"Normal Gene" THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE Missense THQ ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE Nonsense THE ONE BIG Frameshift THE ONE QBI GFL YHA DON ERE DEY Deletion THE ONE BIG HAD ONE RED EYE Duplication THE ONE BIG FLY FLY HAD ONE RED EYE Insertion THE ONE BIG WET FLY HAD ONE RED EYE Expanding (P) THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE Expanding (F1) THE ONE BIG FLY FLY FLY HAD ONE RED EYE Expanding (F2) THE ONE BIG FLY FLY FLY FLY FLY FLY HAD ONE RED EYE

  28. RNA • – synthesize proteins – Ribonucleic Acid

  29. RNA • Plants – photosynthesisAnimals – protein synthesis

  30. RNA • 3 Differences!1) 1 strand of nucleotides instead of 22) ribose not deoxyribose3) uricil not thymine

  31. RNA - types • Types- mRNA – messenger RNA – used to transmit information from DNA

  32. RNA Types • t RNA – transfer RNA – single strand of RNA able to bend back upon itself so that the correct bases can bond together

  33. RNA Types • - rRNA – ribosomal RNA – globular, not in a strand – main factor in ribosome organelles

  34. Protein Synthesis – how proteins are made • Proteins… polymers called polypeptides… specific sequence of amino acids… linked together by peptide bonds

  35. Protein Synthesis • 20 amino acids- genetic code = array of nitrogen base combination- 3 sequences on one side of chain = codon… AUG start code All others…= 64 possibilities

  36. Amino Acid Decoder Chart

  37. RNA Transcription – how RNA is made • RNA enzyme polymerase unzips a DNA chain • Hydrogen bonds occur between DNA and RNA • Copies until it reaches stop code then triggers release

  38. Transcription - movie

  39. RNA Translation • assembling of protein molecules in mRNAcodons paired with anticodon

  40. Translation - movie

  41. rRNA Bonds chain of Amino Acids to form a Polypeptide Protein

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