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Religion and the Arab-Israeli Conflict

Religion and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. IAFS/JWST 3650. Outline. Intro to religions ( cont ) Muslim-Christian-Jewish relations. Intro: Christianity. 2000 years old Monotheistic, based on scripture. Intro: Christianity. Based on teachings of Jesus Christ Christ both divine and human

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Religion and the Arab-Israeli Conflict

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  1. Religionand the Arab-Israeli Conflict IAFS/JWST 3650

  2. Outline • Intro to religions (cont) • Muslim-Christian-Jewish relations

  3. Intro: Christianity • 2000 years old • Monotheistic, based on scripture

  4. Intro: Christianity • Based on teachings of Jesus Christ • Christ both divine and human • Christ’s death and resurrection provided salvation and eternal life

  5. Intro: Christianity • 1st three centuries: spread into W Asia, N Africa, and Europe • Bible = Old and New Testament

  6. Intro: Christianity • Holy Land and esp. Jerusalem sacred • Birth in Bethlehem • Miracles at Galilee • Death and resurrection at site of Church of Holy Sepulchre

  7. Countries withLargest Muslim Populations?

  8. Intro: Islam • God’s multiple revelations • Moses, Abraham, Jesus revered as prophets

  9. Intro: Islam • ~1300 years old • Monotheistic • Koran revealed to Prophet Muhammad in 7th c. CE

  10. Intro: Islam • Spread from 7th c. on through W Asia, N Africa, parts of Europe • Five central requirements: • Faith • Prayer • Zakat [alms] • Fasting • Hajj [pilgrimage]

  11. Islam • Jihad = جهاد‎ = “struggle, striving”

  12. British Perceptions of Islam • British concerns about Muslim violence • Fears of fanaticism and jihad • But Islam not monolithic

  13. Islam • Allah الله‎ = = “the God” http://www.al-islam.org/gallery/photos/d8.gif

  14. Jewish Rule and Roman Wars • 1000-925 BCE: United Kingdom of Israel in Canaan • 8th/6th c conquest of Israel and Judah • Origins of Jewish diaspora (scattering/dispersion from ancestral homeland)

  15. Similarities and Differences • Similar beliefs in one God, judgment day, and prophets • Differences re conversion • Similar emphasis on Jerusalem

  16. Jewish Rule and Roman Wars • 66-74 CE: First Jewish revolt vs Rome • Brutally suppressed • Mass sucide at Masada • Destruction of Jewish temple in Jerusalem (only Western Wall remained)

  17. Jewish Rule and Roman Wars • 132-135 CE: Second Jewish revolt vs Rome • Bloody supression • Jews banned from Jerusalem • Major contribution to Jewish diaspora

  18. Jewish Rule and Roman Wars • Harms: • “Israel and other Canaanites lived in relative peace” • “Both Jews and Palestinian have viable ancient claims to the land”

  19. Early Jewish-Muslim Relations • Muhammad and the Jewish clans of Medina • Harms: Muhammad’s initial deference • Recognition of Jerusalem as qiblah (direction of prayer) • Expulsion and murder, after bid for support failed, fit pattern of clan warfare

  20. The Caliphate • Muhammad’s successors known as caliphs • Spread of Islam through W Asia, then Arab Empire reaching from Spain to Asia • Construction of Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem

  21. The Caliphate • Sunni/Shia schism over rightful caliph • Sunnis: caliph should be elected • Shi‘atu ‘Ali (followers of Ali): caliphate should remain within Muhammad’s house • Today ~12% of Muslims are Shia

  22. Christian Relationswith Muslims and Jews: The Crusades • 1095-1291: eight crusades, mostly failures • European military expeditions justified via appeals to Christian duty • Extremely bloody

  23. Christian Relations with Jews: European Expulsions • 1290 expulsion of Jews from England • Later expulsions elsewhere in Europe

  24. Christian Relations with Jews • Longstanding anti-Jewish feeling and action in Europe • Further scattering of European Jews • Context for Jewish-Muslim relations in Holy Land

  25. Relations in the Holy Land • Arab discrimination vs Jews • But not Eur-style mass violence • Morris on Jewish life: “harrassment . . . insecurity”

  26. Conclusions • Today’s Arab-Israeli conflict: • Mainly about secular issues • Modern roots, not ancient origins • Religious narratives about this conflict retain power

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