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The Lymphatic & Immune Systems

The Lymphatic & Immune Systems. The Lymphatic and Immune Systems. Thymus. Spleen. Lymph nodes. Lymphatic vessel. Objectives. Objectives. After studying this chapter, you will be able to:. Name the parts of the lymphatic and immune systems and discuss the function of each part

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The Lymphatic & Immune Systems

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  1. The Lymphatic & Immune Systems The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessel

  2. Objectives Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: • Name the parts of the lymphatic and immune systems and discuss the function of each part • Define combining forms used in building words that relate to the lymphatic and immune system • Identify the meaning of related abbreviations • Name the common diagnoses, clinical procedures, and laboratory tests used in treating the lymphatic and immune systems

  3. Objectives Part 2 Objectives cont'd • List and define the major pathological conditions of the lymphatic and immune systems • List common pharmacological agents used in treating disorders of the lymphatic and immune systems.

  4. Lymphatic Organs and Structures Structure and Function The Lymphatic and Immune System Lymphatic Organs and Structures Lymph Vessels Lymph-derived from the name of the Roman deity of fresh water, Lympha. • Carry lymph within the lymphatic system • Lymph capillaries are the smallest of the lymph vessels • Lymph flows in an open circuit from the tissues into lymphatic vessels. Once within these vessels, lymph flows in only one direction. • A fluid containing: -water -sugars -white blood cells -protein -salts -waste lymph movement depends on the motions of the muscle and joint to pump it around.

  5. Capillaries Structure and Function Capillaries have thin walls which allow fluid in body tissues to flow between the capillaries and tissues. Lymphatic trunk Fluid is in the spaces between tissues. it contains whatever has been exchanged between cells, baterica,ect. This is called interstitial fluid Lymphatic vessel Right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct Lymphatic capillary Right subclavian vein (neck) Once the interstitial fluid flows into the lymph capillaries it is called lymph Interstitial fluid Blood stream

  6. Lymphatic Vessels Structure and Function Lymphatic capillaries pick up lymph. Capillaries go to lymphatic vessels, go to lymph nodes

  7. Lymph Lacteals are capillaries that pick up fats/lipids in the intestine Then transport to bloodstream. One cell thick wall to allow for molecule and lymphocyte, bacteria movement.

  8. Small intestine lymph

  9. 600-700 lymph nodes present in human body This is where lymphoctyes will attack invaders

  10. Lymph Nodes Structure and Function Lymph Nodes • Specialized organs that produce lymphocytes • Filter harmful substances from the tissues • Contain macrophages that devour foreign substances • Lymphocytes produce specialized proteins called antibodies that fight disease • Antigens also fight disease by stimulating an immune response in other cells

  11. Lymph Structure and Function Lymph • Travels in only one direction • Empties into the right thoracic duct and the lymphatic duct • Lipids are transported from the small intestines to the blood stream by the lymph vessels Location of major groups of lymph nodes: -tonsils -adenoids -neck -armpit -groin -mediastinum

  12. Organs of the Lymphatic System Structure and Function Organs of the Lymphatic System Spleen -largest lymphatic organ -located in upper left portion of the abdominal cavity -filters foreign material from the blood -destroys old red blood cells -activateslymphocytes Thymus Gland -soft gland with two lobes -larger during infancy and childhood -contains important cells called thymocytes(ex. T cells) -T cells (T lymphocytes provide immunity) -thymosin aids with T cell movement

  13. Immune System Structure and Function Immune System Consists of a series of defenses against intruders, such as microorganisms Mechanical Defenses Chemical Defenses • skin • nasal cilia • mucous membranes • stomach gastric juices Other Barriers Phagocytosis The ingesting of foreign substances by specialized cells like macrophages

  14. Types of Immunity Acquired Passive Immunity Natural Immunity Acquired Active Immunity Structure and Function Types of Immunity A natural resistance to certain diseases in which the extent varies from person to person. You sick,me not… Immunity provided in the form of antibodies or antitoxins that have been developed in another person or species. (plasma inj) inj) Immunity that develops after having the disease or after being vaccinated against the disease(dead or attenuated virus)

  15. Major Immunoglobulin Structure and Function Major Immunoglobulins Immunogobulin G (IgG) -effective against bacteria, viruses and toxins Immunoglobulin A (IgA) -common in exocrine gland secretions such as breast milk and tears Immunoglobulin M (IgM) -first antigen to be produced after an infection Immunoglobulin D (IgD) -important in B-cell activation Immunoglobulin E (IgE) -appears in glandular secretions and is associated with allergic reactions NOTE: This type of immunity is provided by plasma cells and is called humoral immunity.

  16. Cell-mediated Immunity Structure and Function Cell-mediated Immunity This type of immunity is provided by the action of the T-cells which multiply rapidly and produce certain proteins in response to antigens. Three Types of Specialized T-Cells(T=thymus) B=bone marrow • Helper cells or CD4 cells that stimulate the immune response • Cytotoxiccells or CD8 cells that help in the destruction of infected cells • Suppressor cells or T cells that suppress B-cells and other immune cells

  17. Combining Forms & Abbreviations (aden) gland immunity lymph lymph nodes lymphatic vessels spleen thymus poison Combining Forms and Abbreviations Combining Form Meaning aden (o) immun (o) lymph (o) lymphaden (o) lymphangi (o) splen (o) thym (o) tox (o)

  18. Combining Forms & Abbreviations (AIDS) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome acute lymphocytic leukemia acute myelogenous leukemia azidothymidine chronic lymphocytic leukemia Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning AIDS ALL AML AZT CLL

  19. Combining Forms & Abbreviations (CML) chronic myelogenous leukemia Cytomegalovirus. Epstein-Barr virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay human immunodeficiency virus herpes simplex virus immunoglobulin A Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning CML CMV EBV ELISA HIV HSV IgA Herpes virus—asympamatic or you may develop symptoms such as fatigue, fever, sore throat, headache, and swollen glands. Herpes virus causes mono.fatigue fever , rash, nodes. test that uses antibodies and color change to identify a substance.

  20. Combining Forms & Abbreviations (IgD) immunoglobulin D immunoglobulin E immunoglobulin G immunoglobulin M pneumocystis carinii pneumonia systemic lupus erythematosus zidovudine Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning IgD IgE IgG IgM PCP SLE ZDV

  21. Diagnostic, Procedural & Laboratory Terms CAT Scans are used frequently to diagnose abnormalities of the lymph organs Blood tests that indicate the number and condition of the white blood cells are used in diagnosing lymph and immune system diseases Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Terms

  22. Pathological Terms Pathological Terms Diseases of the lymph and immune system that flourish are those diseases which suppress the immune response. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the most widespread immunosuppresive disease. Opportunistic Malignancies and Infections Associated with AIDS • candidiasis • cytomegalovirus • Kaposi’s sarcoma • Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) • Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

  23. How is HIV Transmitted? During birth if the mother is infected Contaminated needles Sexual contact Receiving infected blood or other tissue Pathological Terms How is HIV Transmitted?

  24. How is HIV Not Transmitted? Swimming in the same water as infected persons Objects like toilet seats, doorknobs etc. mosquitoes Casual contact like hugging and kissing Sharing food Pathological Terms How is HIV NOT Transmitted?

  25. Pathological Terms Depending on how far the disease has spread, both types can be arrested with chemotherapy and radiation. NOTE: Pathological Terms Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • A type of lymph cancer that appears in early adulthood and the cause or origin is uncertain • Involves the lymph nodes and spleen • A type of cancer of the lymph nodes in which some of the cells resemble healthy cells • Usually appears during mid-life • Malignant cells resemble large lymphocytes

  26. Non-malignant Diseases Pathological Terms Non-malignant Diseases Sarcoidosis • Inflammatory condition that can affect lung functioning Infectious Mononucleosis • Also called the kissing disease • An acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus • Swollen lymph nodes are a common symptom

  27. Allergy Facts Pathological Terms Allergies are a problem of the immune system that affect millions of people Allergy Facts • Allergies are due to the production of the IgE antibodies against an allergen • Hypersensitivity increases as exposure increases • Anaphylaxis may occur which is life-threatening if the allergy is severe

  28. Autoimmune Diseases Examples lupus scleroderma rheumatoid arthritis Pathological Terms Autoimmune Diseases • Conditions in which the body’s immune system turns against its own healthy tissue • An autoimmune response is the result of the T cells attacking their own healthy cells

  29. Surgical Terms Surgical Terms Cancer of the lymph system may require a lymph-node dissection. Other Procedures • lymphadenectomy -removal of a lymph node • lymphadenotomy -incision into a lymph node • splenectomy -removal of the spleen • thymectomy -removal of the thymus gland

  30. Pharmacological Terms used to treat AIDS by blocking viral growth used to prevent PCP in AIDS patients used to prevent or lessen allergic reactions Pharmacological Terms Diseases of the lymph and immune systems often require high doses of chemotherapy and/or radiation for treatment. Other Medications antivirals antimicrorganism agent antihistamines

  31. Apply Your knowledge Apply Your Knowledge Which of the following statements explains a major difference between lymph and blood? A. Lymph contains white blood cells and platelets. B. Lymph contains only white blood cells. C. Lymph contains only red blood cells and white blood cells. Answer: B. Lymph contains only white blood cells.

  32. Apply Your Knowledge Part 2 Apply Your Knowledge Sharon, age 5 is taken to the doctors for her complaint of a sore throat. Her pediatrician might find which of the following signs during his assessment of the lymphatic system? A. elevated temperature B. increased blood pressure C. swollen lymph nodes Answer: C. swollen lymph nodes

  33. Apply Your Knowledge Part 3 Apply Your Knowledge Andy has recently been diagnosed with HIV. He is concerned that some of his friends might catch the virus from him. Place the following examples in the correct box based on their ability to transmit HIV. Will NOT Transmit HIV Will Transmit HIV mosquitoes kissing toilet seats needle stick sexual contact Examples: kissing, accidental needle stick, mosquitoes, toilet seats, sexual contact

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