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Electoral Systems

Electoral Systems. Redistribution. Process of dividing the country into electoral districts or constituencies. Two stage process Deciding how many seats to allot in the House of Commons Drawing the actual boundaries. Drawing Boundaries.

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Electoral Systems

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  1. Electoral Systems

  2. Redistribution • Process of dividing the country into electoral districts or constituencies. • Two stage process • Deciding how many seats to allot in the House of Commons • Drawing the actual boundaries

  3. Drawing Boundaries • Boundaries are drawn every 10 years following the decennial census. • Currently we have 301 federal seats. • Regardless of population each province is guaranteed as many MPs as it has senators, and as many seats as it had in 1976 (Grandfather clause). • This over represents all provinces except Ontario, B.C. and Alberta.

  4. ON 10 mil (103) PQ 6.9 mil (75) BC 3.2 mil (34) AB 2.5 mil (26) MB 1 mil (14) SK 988 928 (14) NS 899 942 (11) NB 723 900 (10) Nfld 568 474 (7) PEI 100 000 (4) NWT 57 649 (1) Nunavut (1) Yukon 27 797(1) Canada’s Seat Distribution

  5. Gerrymandering • Manipulating constituency boundaries to ensure electoral success. • Some constituencies had huge boundaries while others were small. • Typically conservative governments would receive more support in rural ridings so they would have many rural ridings to few urban.

  6. Rotten Boroughs

  7. Legend

  8. Elections in Canada • Date is set by the prime minister within 5 years from the previous election. • Don’t have fixed elections in Canada because of the nature of Parliamentary majorities.

  9. First-past-the-post (FPTP) • single-member • Plurality • The candidate that obtains more votes than any other is elected, even if that person only won a minority of votes cast.

  10. Two-round System (TRS) • single-member • Majority • A runoff election is held between the two top vote-getters, in order to ensure that the winner obtains a majority of votes cast.

  11. Electoral Systems and Voter Turnout

  12. Mixed MemberProportional (MMP) • Mixed • Proportional • The legislature consists of a block of seats that are elected by plurality or majority from single-member districts, and another block of seats that are elected in multi-member districts under a proportional system. The proportional seats are awarded in such a way as to compensate for disproportional effects in the single-member district outcomes.

  13. Party List • Multiple member • Proportional • Voters choose from among party lists, and seats are awarded in proportion to the vote received by each party. Candidates are seated in the order listed.

  14. Parallel • Mixed • Semi-proportional • The legislature consists of a block of seats that are elected by plurality or majority from single-member districts, and another block of seats that are elected in multi-member districts under a proportional system. The proportional seats are awarded independently of the outcomes in single-member districts.

  15. The Americas plurality representation (first past the post) Majority representation parallel (semi-proportional) representation list proportional representation mixed member proportional representation

  16. Europe and Africa plurality representation (first past the post) Majority representation parallel (semi-proportional) representation list proportional representation mixed member proportional representation No elections Alternative vote

  17. Asia Pacific plurality representation (first past the post) Majority representation parallel (semi-proportional) representation list proportional representation mixed member proportional representation No elections Alternative vote Block Vote

  18. A few words on the Electoral College System • U.S. typically uses the single-member district, plurality electoral formula. • The electoral college is used only for the selection of the President and Vice-president. • This process uses an indirect method of electing the American president. • State legislators are elected to serve in the electoral college.

  19. How it works • Each State is given a number of Electors equal to the number of its U.S. Senators (always 2) plus the number of its U.S. Representatives • The party that wins the most votes gets all the electors • The two exceptions to this are Maine and Nebraska where two Electors are chosen by state-wide popular vote and the remainder by the popular vote within each Congressional district. • Votes are sealed until January 6, when the president of the Congress opens and reads them before both houses of the Congress.

  20. Electoral College – Creating Majorities?

  21. Electoral College 2000

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