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From Rightly Guided to Chaos

From Rightly Guided to Chaos. HIST 1007 9/16/13. Byzantine vs. Arab Byzantine. What’s the d ifference?. Sasanian vs. Arab- Sasanian. What’s the difference? What’s wrong with these coins?. An Islamic Iconography. A Similar Development?. Amsar. Great Mosque of Kufa.

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From Rightly Guided to Chaos

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  1. From Rightly Guided to Chaos HIST 1007 9/16/13

  2. Byzantine vs. Arab Byzantine What’s the difference?

  3. Sasanian vs. Arab-Sasanian What’s the difference? What’s wrong with these coins?

  4. An Islamic Iconography

  5. A Similar Development?

  6. Amsar Great Mosque of Kufa

  7. Ahl al-Kitaband Dhimma • Ahl al-Kitab: People of the Book • Dhimma: Protected minorities • Jizya: Poll tax paid by dhimmis • Mawla: Status of clientage • Incentives for both protecting non-Muslim minorities and discouraging conversion. Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem

  8. The Rashidun Caliphs • Rightly Guided • Abu Bakr (r. 632-634) • `Umar (r. 634-644) • `Uthman (r. 644-656) • `Ali (r. 656-661) • Shūra • Ṣahāba

  9. Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (r. 632-634) • BanuTaym • One of the first three converts • WWMD – sunna • Ridda Wars • Consolidate authority over Muslims

  10. `Umar b. al-Khattab (r. 634-644) • BanuAdi • Early opponent to Islam • Converts in 616 • As caliph, establishes government bureaucracy (diwans) • Focus on Muslim identity • Muhajirun, ansar, and Muslim clans vs. Quraysh • Assassinated by Persians

  11. `Uthman b. `Affan (r. 644-656) • BanuUmayyah • Converts in 611 • Umayyahwealthiest, most powerful of Quraysh aristocracy • Reasserts Meccan aristocracy • Nepotism in Egypt, Syria, Basra, and Kufa • Or is it a matter of maintaining stability? Qur’an reportedly from the reign of `Uthman

  12. Rebellion against `Uthman • Uprisings in Egypt, Basra, and Kufa • 655 – Hajj address • 656 – 1,000 Egyptians march on Medina • `Uthman’s home besieged • `Uthman assassinated • Battles between supporters and opponents Qur’an claimed to be the one `Uthman was reading when he was assassinated

  13. `Ali b. AbiTalib (r. 656-661) • BanuHashim • Son of the custodian of the Ka’aba • Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad • Fatima • One of first three converts • Perpetual candidate for caliphate • GhadirKhumm and the investiture of `Ali

  14. First Fitna • Fitna– sedition, upheaval, civil war • Was `Ali involved in `Uthman’s murder? • Muhammad b. Abu Bakr • Mu`awiyah and Marwan • Aisha bint Abu Bakr, Talhah, and Zubayr • 656 – Battle of the Camel

  15. First Fitna • Move capital to Kufa • 657 – Battle of Siffin • Arbitration – refuses a new caliph • Kharijites • 661 – assassinated • Mu`awiyah and Hasan

  16. Shi’ism • Shi’ite `Ali – Partisans of `Ali • Should the caliph be a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad? • Ahl al-bayt • Fatima + `Ali • Imamate • When do these ideas develop?

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