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RUSSIA II (CHAPTER 2: 109-122

RUSSIA II (CHAPTER 2: 109-122. POLITICAL FRAMEWORK. SOVIET LEGACY REVOLUTION (1905-1917) BOLSHEVIKS VERSUS MENSHEVIKS V.I. LENIN (VLADIMIR ILYICH ULYANOV) CAPITAL: PETROGRAD TO MOSCOW (1918) FEDERATION/FEDERAL STRUCTURE USSR (UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS) -1924

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RUSSIA II (CHAPTER 2: 109-122

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  1. RUSSIA II(CHAPTER 2: 109-122

  2. POLITICAL FRAMEWORK • SOVIET LEGACY • REVOLUTION (1905-1917) • BOLSHEVIKS VERSUS MENSHEVIKS • V.I. LENIN (VLADIMIR ILYICH ULYANOV) • CAPITAL: PETROGRAD TO MOSCOW (1918) • FEDERATION/FEDERAL STRUCTURE • USSR (UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS) -1924 • SSRS, ASSRS, AUTONOMOUS REGIONS • RUSSIFICATION

  3. FORMER SOVIET UNION

  4. COMMAND ECONOMY • AN ECONOMY IN WHICH THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION ARE OWNED AND CONTROLLED BY THE STATE AND IN WHICH CENTRAL PLANNING OF THE STRUCTURE AND THE OUTPUT PREVAILS • FEATURES OF THE SOVIET ECONOMY • PRODUCTION OF PARTICULAR MANUFACTURED GOODS TO PARTICULAR PLACES • ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE OF THE REPUBLICS

  5. ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK • CENTRALLY PLANNED (EARLY 1920S) • MAJOR OBJECTIVES • SPEED INDUSTRIALIZATION • COLLECTIVIZE AGRICULTURE • KEY MECHANISMS • GOSPLAN • SOVKHOZ(1920-30S) • KOLKHOZ (1939)

  6. SOVIETLEADERS • CZARISM (<1917) • LENIN • STALIN • KRUSCHEV • BRESHNEV • GORBACHEV

  7. SOVIETLEADERS LENIN (1918 - 1927) • INTRODUCED MARXIST PHILOSOPHY • REPLACED PRIVATE WITH PUBLIC OWNERSHIP • DEVELOPED NATIONAL ECONOMIC PLANS • ESTABLISHED SOVIET POLITICAL STRUCTURE BASED ON ETHNIC IDENTITIES

  8. SOVIETLEADERS STALIN (1927 - 1953) • ALL ASSETS NATIONALIZED • CREATION OF HUGE CENTRALIZED STATE MACHINE OVER ALL ASPECTS OF SOVIET LIFE • PURGES OF DISSIDENTS (30-60 MILLION) • COLLECTIVIZED FARMING (SOVKHOZ) • CONCENTRATION ON HEAVY INDUSTRY AT EXPENSE OF AGRICULTURE

  9. SOVIET LEADERS KRUSCHEV (1953 - 1964) • GREATER EMPHASIS ON AGRICULTURE • VIRGIN LANDS PROGRAM - PASTURES INTO IRRIGATED WHEAT FIELDS • ULTIMATELY LED TO ARAL SEA ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER BRESHNEV (1964 - 1982) • HEIGHT OF THE COLD WAR • MILITARY/INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY • ECONOMIC STAGNATION (AGRICULTURE)

  10. SOVIETLEADERS GORBACHEV (1985 - 1991) • INITIATED ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL REFORM • PERESTROIKA • RESTRUCTURING • INTENDED TO PRODUCE MAJOR CHANGES TO BOTH THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SYSTEM • ECONOMIC AIM: TO CATCH UP WITH WESTERN ECONOMIES • POLITICAL AIM: REFORM OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY • GLASNOST • POLICY OF ENCOURAGING GREATER OPENNESS IN BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL AFFAIRS

  11. COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION(CONDITIONS IN 1990 & 1991) • A SHARP DECLINE IN AGRICULTURAL & INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION • ECONOMIC OUTPUT DOWN BY 4% IN 1990 & 10-15% IN FIRST HALF OF 1991 • INTENSIFICATION OF ETHNO-CULTURAL NATIONALISM& SEPARATISM • UNITY OF THE SOVIET UNION (MACRO) & UNITY OF REPUBLICS (MICRO) THREATENED • PLURALIZATIONOF SOVIET POLITICS & STEADY EROSION OF COMMUNIST PARTY MONOPOLY OR POWER

  12. COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION(CONDITIONS IN 1990 & 1991) • THE EMERGENCE OF A “COMMONWEALTH” OF SLAVIC COUNTRIES TO REPLACE THE SOVIET UNION • COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES • THE RESIGNATION OF PRESIDENT GORBACHEV

  13. CURRENT ORGANIZATION • RUSSIAN FEDERATION (1992) • 89 POLITICAL UNITS • 21 REPUBLICS • 11 AUTONOMOUS REGIONS(OKRUGS) • 49 PROVINCES(OBLASTS) • 6 TERRITORIES(KRAYS) • 2 AUTONOMOUS FEDERAL CITIES

  14. RUSSIA’S ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS

  15. RUSSIAN ETHNICITY

  16. CHECHNYA • IN SUPPORT OF RUSSIAN CONTROL • INFIGHTING AFTER INDEPENDENCE WAS GRANTED IN 1991 • CHECHENS INSTALLED A SEPARATIST LEADER • ATTACKS ON RUSSIANS • CHECHEN TERRORISM • WHY CHECHNYA DESERVES INDEPENDENCE • FOUGHT AGAINST THE RUSSIAN IMPERIALISTS TWO CENTURIES AGO • SOVIETS REARRANGED THE BORDERS TO INCLUDE NON-CHECHEN HOMELAND • MASSIVE PERSECUTION DURING STALIN’S REIGN • 1991 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

  17. RUSSIA’S PROSPECTS • ECONOMIC • INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES • TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE • MANUFACTURING CAPACITY • POLITICAL • INTERNAL FRICTION • EXTERNAL CHALLENGES

  18. Pivot Area MACKINDER’S WORLD - 1904 How geographic facts influence policies Consisted of the Moscow region, the Volga valley, the Urals, Central Asia, and western and central Siberia.

  19. HEARTLAND THEORY Heartland Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; who rules the Heartland commands the World Island; who rules the World Island commands the World.

  20. Heartland Rim Land SPYKMAN’S RIMLAND Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia; who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world.

  21. RUSSIA’S EXTERNAL CHALLENGES • NATURAL RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION • MANY NATURAL RESOURCES NOW IN FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS • IRREDENTISM • CONCERN FOR RUSSIANS OUTSIDE ITS BORDERS • NATIONAL PRIDE • DETERMINATION TO REMAIN THE CHAMPION OF SLAVIC INTERESTS • DESIRE TO REMAIN A POWER IN INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY • CENTRIFUGAL FORCES • SEPARATIST AIMS IN THE CAUCASIAN PERIPHERY

  22. RUSSIA II(CHAPTER 2: 109-122)

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