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Automotive Technologies for BS-III and BS-IV

Automotive Technologies for BS-III and BS-IV. Contents:. Emission Regulations and Auto Fuel Policy Technology progression BS III and BS IV technology requirements Challenges and issues, Next steps. SIAM. History Of Emission Regulations in India (Lead Introductions). BS-IV

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Automotive Technologies for BS-III and BS-IV

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  1. Automotive Technologies for BS-III and BS-IV

  2. Contents: • Emission Regulations and Auto Fuel Policy • Technology progression • BS III and BS IV technology requirements • Challenges and issues, Next steps SIAM

  3. History Of Emission Regulations in India (Lead Introductions) BS-IV (SELECT CITIES) Cabinet accepts Auto fuel policy 09, 2003 BS-III (ENTIRE COUNTRY)?? CNG Buses Delhi BS-II (NCR) BS-III (11 CITIES) Report by Committee BS-IV Review BS-I (NCR) BS-I (ENTIRE COUNTRY) CMVR 92 (DIESEL) FAS (DIESEL) CMVR 91 (PETROL) Court Intervention CMVR 96 (DIESEL) EVA & CC EMI (PETROL) Formation of Committee IDLE EMISSION 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 SIAM

  4. Auto Fuel Policy (A Recap) • Expert Committee Constituted by Government of India, headed by Dr R A Mashelkar, (Director General, CSIR) • Provides guideline road-map for new vehicles, with review to be done in year 2006 • Took an holistic view: • Automobile Technologies • Corresponding Fuel Quality • Impact on Environment • Social Cost • Security of Fuel supply • Emissions from in-use vehicles • Guiding principles in respect of taxation of fuels: To the extent auto fuels meet the recommended emissions norms, the choice of fuel should not be distorted by way of taxes. Maintenance of relative prices with appropriate consideration to energy content should be a desirable goal of taxation policy. • Recommendation by committee Quote: As elsewhere in the world, the Government should decide only the vehicular emission standards and the corresponding fuel specifications without specifying vehicle technology and the type of fuel. :Unquote Report was approved by the Cabinet in October 2003 SIAM

  5. Change in Tailpipe Emissions Petrol Passenger Car Diesel Passenger Car 16.3 21.6 14 fold reduction (92.8%) 11.68 26 fold reduction (96.2%) 7.9 3.69 2.7 2.65 3.83 1.18 1.78 1.25 0.825 1991 1996 1999 BS-I 2000 BS-II 2005 BS-III 2010 ? BS-IV 2015 ? 1991 1996 1999 BS-I 2000 BS-II 2005 BS-III 2010 ? BS-IV 2015 ? Commercial Vehicles 2 & 3 Wheelers 29.0 7 fold reduction (86.3%) 8 fold reduction (88%) Regulated Pollutants (g/kWhr) 13.96 12.25 7.86 3.98 2005 2010 ? 2001 1991 1996 2000 BS-III BS-IV BS-I Need to assess an impact on environment SIAM

  6. The Law of Diminishing Returns • The closer we get to the goal of zero emissions of a pollutant, the more costly it becomes to eliminate each unit. • Continued progress, however, requires using methods that are more and more expensive, and remove smaller and smaller amounts of pollutants. • At some point, the costs outweigh the benefits. Source: ECO-SANITY, A Common Sense Guide to Environmentalism, Joseph L Bast et al SIAM

  7. Technology Movement - Diesel BS-III BS-IV 1000-1200 bar (Electronic injection control) 1600-1800 bar (CR, UI) 800-1000 bar Mech injection 300 / 600 bar (IDI / DI Engines) >2000 bar Injection Pressures 4valves/cylinder, centralised injection 2 valve/cylinder, inclined injector location Cylinder head/ports Turbocharger (Optional waste-gate & Intercooler) Turbocharger With intercooler Variable Geometry Turbocharger Natural aspiration Turbo system After treatment System With DPF / SCR With EGR &/or catalytic converter Simple exhaust SIAM

  8. Typical Common Rail System with Sensors and ECU SIAM

  9. Significance of Common Rail • Injection pressures are going up from 1000 to 1800 bar and beyond • Common rail system is sensitive to fuel quality parameters such as sediments, water content, particulate matter content, lubricity, any other market abuse • System Servicing needs to be done by authorised and trained staff SIAM

  10. SCR and EGR options for NOx control SIAM

  11. Relies on UREA for emissions reduction - Infra structure required CO, HC, PM, NOx DOC SCR CO2, H2O, PM, NO/NO2 CO2, H2O, PM, N2 Exhaust gas DOC2NO + O2 2NO2 4HC + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O 2CO + O2 2CO2 C + O2 2CO2 SCR 4NH3 + 4NO + O2 4N2 + 6H2O 8NH3 + 6NO2 7N2 + 12H2O Urea injection Selective Catalytic Reduction Engine ECU CAN link Urea-SCR ECU Air Urea Tank Pump T_out T_in Urea injection NOx SCR catalyst SIAM

  12. Significance of SCR Technology for Heavy Duty Application • Improved fuel economy • Necessary for Heavy Duty trucks particularly viewed against infrastructure development • In Europe, most of OEMs are with SCR at Euro-IV, notably being Daimler Chrysler, Iveco, Volvo, DAF etc. • Inevitable for Heavy Duty Euro-V and beyond SIAM

  13. Particulate Filters • Particulate burning through a secondary injection • Fuel availability of less than 50 ppm sulphur content must • High ash content in oil is deterrent for satisfactory operation of DPF • Generally used on light duty diesel and passenger cars SIAM

  14. Technology movement - Gasoline BS-IV MPFI with EMS and close loop MPFI with multi-valve 4 v/cyl, VVT Direct injection Carburetor with open loop system Fuel system Mapped EGR/Advanced EGR tolerant processes Catalyst with early light-off technology EGR/3-way cat-con Close coupled catalyst Exhaust system SIAM

  15. Gasoline Engines – BS IV Compliance Challenges Exhaust Emissions – After Treatment & EMS Technology Objective: To minimise engine warm up and catalyst light-off duration to reduce cold emissions. • Close coupled catalyst with faster light- off components comprising of optimized precious metal loading, wash coat and thin wall substrate. • Thermally stable & durable catalyst substrate and wash coat technology. • EMS control strategy to enable rapid catalyst light- off, optimized open loop – after start fuelling (trade off between CO/HC emissions, driveability and catalyst light-off duration). • Faster response oxygen sensors to enable quicker closed loop AFR control. SIAM

  16. Technology movement – CNG (3 & 4 Wheelers) BS-IV Stochiometric combustion, Naturally aspirated, 3 way catalyst, mechanical/electronic distribution systems Turbocharged, intercooled Engine Low weight gas cylinders need to be developed SIAM

  17. What fuel parameters need to be addressed for BS-III and BS-IV norms? SIAM

  18. Challenges & Issues, Next Steps • Technology development • Investment & Installation of manufacturing Plant and machinery • Supply chain management • Duality of norms • Clean fuel at outlets • Infrastructure of Urea • Inspection & Maintenance Programme • - Cost SIAM

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