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Is there anything I haven’t covered that you would like to go over?????

Is there anything I haven’t covered that you would like to go over?????. Fate of Digestive End-Products. Fats and Glycogen are the MAIN STORES for extra energy in the body You must convert fats & glycogen to GLUCOSE for metabolism!!!!!. Converting stored Glycogen to Glucose & vice versa.

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Is there anything I haven’t covered that you would like to go over?????

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  1. Is there anything I haven’t covered that you would like to go over?????

  2. Fate of Digestive End-Products Fats and Glycogen are the MAIN STORES for extra energy in the body You must convert fats & glycogen to GLUCOSE for metabolism!!!!!

  3. Converting stored Glycogen to Glucose & vice versa Hormones Insulin & Glucagon control the rate of conversion When blood glucose is high INSULIN dominates When blood glucose is low GLUCAGON dominates

  4. Insulin & Glucagon are synthesized in pancreatic islet cells Pancreatic Duct Small Intestine Pancreas Alpha Cells: secrete GLUCAGON Islet Cells Acini Cells Beta Cells: secrete INSULIN

  5. The Liver Storage: Liver is a major storage site of glucose

  6. Diabetes: chronically high plasma glucose levels Insulin not secreted or not effective Excess glucose remains in blood Can only be eliminated via kidney (VERY SLOW) Insulin secreted; excess glucose stored in muscle or fat

  7. Insulin Deficiency: Decreased Insulin Production Muscle Cells uptake glucose from blood Insulin Resistance: Decreased Uptake

  8. Diabetes: Multisystem Pathophysiology 1) Excess glucose in renal filtrate (glucosuria) 2) Glucose in filtrate draws water away from renal ISF….huge increase in urine volume 3) Decreased blood volume & pressure 4) Circulatory system fails to compensate over time…anaerobic metabolism from dying tissues 5) Metabolic acidosis shuts down CNS 6) DEATH!

  9. Amputation in DiabetesHypovolemia = Root Cause Low Flow, High Tissue Glucose/Low O2 Rapid, Aggressive Infection Reduced Blood Flow Impared Healing Amputation to contain infection

  10. Diabetes: chronically high plasma glucose levels Insulin not secreted or not effective Excess glucose remains in blood Can only be eliminated via kidney (VERY SLOW) Insulin secreted; excess glucose converted to glycogen

  11. Diabetes: Multisystem Pathophysiology 1) Excess glucose in renal filtrate (glucosuria) 2) Glucose in filtrate draws water away from renal ISF….huge increase in urine volume 3) Decreased blood volume & pressure 4) Circulatory system fails to compensate over time…anaerobic metabolism from dying tissues 5) Metabolic acidosis shuts down CNS 6) DEATH!

  12. Reproductive Physiology • Menstrual Cycle • Pregnancy • Lactation

  13. Menstrual Cycle: Generalizations and terms • Two main phase: follicular & luteal • Pituitary Gland secretes • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) • Ovary produces follicle containing an egg • Follicle then Corpus Luteum secretes Estrogen, Progesterone, Inhibin • Uterus prepares for egg fertilization & growth • Spike in Progesterone leads to Body Temp spike

  14. Menstrual Cycle: Step-by-step • FOLLICULAR PHASE • 1) Period: old uterine lining sloughed • FSH is high > a follicle matures • 2) Estrogen gradually increases inhibiting FSH • ***ensures only one follicle*** • LUTEAL PHASE • 3) Estrogen levels peak causing spike in FSH & LH • ***ovulation: egg leaves follicle*** • Uterine wall thickens • **Fertilization can now occur in a ~ 12 hour window** • 4) Follicle converted to Corpus Luteum • ** Secretes Progesterone & Inhibin • ** Prepares Uterus for implantation • ***If Fertilization DID NOT OCCUR within 12 hours • after 3) then….5 • 5) Corpus Luteum and Egg dies, Uterine Wall sloughed • Estrogen, Progesterone, Inhibin levels drop • > FSH increase..back to 1) 3 1 2 1 2 5 3 4 3 4 2 5 4 1 3

  15. Pregnancy…..stopping the menstrual cycle! Estradiol ~ Estrogen Corpus Luteum and later Placenta secrete Estrogen & Progesterone This prevents the breakdown of the uterine wall….thus preventing menstruation Estrogen & Progesterone Levels stay elevated due to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Pregnancy tests = hCG tests!

  16. Parturition: Labor • Mechanism that initiates labor is not well understood: • Progestrone & Estrogen drop after labor begins • Oxytocin initiates Uterine contractions… • but inducing labor with artificial oxytocin doesn’t always work • Fetus may secrete a hormone…(CRH, corticotropin releasing hormone, • controls adrenal gland) Labor IS well understood: Once labor begins uterus undergoes powerful contractions + Tissue in birth canal softens due to the peptide, RELAXIN = Which eject the baby from uterus and cause delivery

  17. Lactation Smooth Muscle cells Milk Ducts Milk secreting cells Myoepitheleal cells Mammary Gland

  18. Control of Lactation Crying baby Higher Brain Hypothalamus PIH = prolactin inhibiting hormone PIH Post. Pituitary Ant. Pituitary Oxytocin: Myoepithelial & Duct Muscle Contraction Oxytocin Prolactin Prolactin: Milk secretion in mammary gland Milk Secretion HAPPY BABY! Smooth Muscle Contration Suckling Mechanoreceptors

  19. Hope you enjoyed Human Physiology Confocal image of retinal layers

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