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Understanding Computer Architecture: Memory and Logic Basics

Dive into the fundamental concepts of computer architecture, focusing on memory and logic building blocks. Explore the basic components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. Gain insight into memory hierarchy, including registers, cache, main memory, and secondary storage. Learn how data is structured and accessed through logical organization within the system. This guide simplifies complex topics like busses, machine code, and the fetch-decode-execute cycle, making it accessible to beginners and enthusiasts alike.

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Understanding Computer Architecture: Memory and Logic Basics

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  1. Computer Architecture Memory, Math and Logic

  2. Basic Building Blocks • Seen: • Memory • Logic & Math

  3. Computer Parts • Things that go into a computer:

  4. Simplified Parts • Logical structure of parts:

  5. Simplified Parts • Logical structure of parts:

  6. Simplified Parts • Logical structure of parts: CPU Memory Input Output

  7. Higher Level Architecture • CPU • Central Processing Unit • Memory • Programs and Data • Input & Output • Keyboards, Mice, ScreensPrinters, Networks, etc… CPU Input & Output Memory

  8. Busses CPU • Busses • Groups of wires that carry a signal • 1 wire for each bit • Separate busses fordifferent signals Input & Output Memory

  9. Memory • Memory • Collection of bytes • Access byte by address

  10. Memory • Memory • Collection of bytes • Access byte by address • Meaning defined by program • Byte 0x00 could be: • 74 • J • Red part of a 24-bit color0x00-0x02 • Part of a 64-bit floating point0x00-0x07

  11. Memory Hierarchy • Memory is • Too slow • Too small • Temporary

  12. Memory Hierarchy • Main Memory : medium speed/capacity • RAM 0

  13. Memory Hierarchy • On processor: Small, Ultra Fast memory • Registers • Cache 0

  14. Memory Hierarchy • Secondary Memory : slower, larger, permanent storage • Hard drives / Flash drives / CD Drives 0

  15. Using the Hierarchy • Program’s trip through memory levels:

  16. Inside the CPU • Registers • ALU • CU Input & Output Memory

  17. Registers • Registers • Special purpose memory in CPU • Examples: • PC : Program CounterWhat memory address has next instruction • IR : Instruction RegisterWhat instruction we are working on • ACC : AccumulatorResult of what we just did

  18. ALU • Arithmetic Logic Unit • Can: • Add/Subtract • Compare values • < > = • Do Logic • NOT, OR, AND,…

  19. CU • Control Unit • Decoder : reads instructionsfrom IR, sends control signalsto control ALU, memory • Clock : synchronizes operations across computer

  20. Machine Code • Machine Code : Instruction stored as binary • Bits to represent • operation to perform (opcode) • value to use (operand) 0001 1100 0100 1011

  21. Sample Code

  22. Fetch-Decode-Execute • Fetch – Decode – Execute http://computerscience.chemeketa.edu/cs160Reader/ComputerArchitecture/MachineCycle.html

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