WIND ENERGY SYSTEM FOR RURAL INDIA RDL722

1. WIND ENERGY SYSTEMFOR RURAL INDIA RDL722 BY: Abhishek Rastogi Antriksh Tawar Ayush Abhijeet Benktesh kumar Mayank Aggarwal

2. Rural India: Current situation & Solution India - 4th Largest Wind Powered Country 26,000 MW capacity globally, estimated potential within our country is 45,000 MW. Mega-size Windmills-27 m to 54 m blade dia. ,Small size windmills -3 to 6m 500 watts to 5 Kw under a wind speed 5-10 m/s. sufficient for an average rural household, which is normally limited to 2-3 Kwh per day. Not only light up but may also make these villages totally self reliant in electricity for water pumping and other agricultural needs The capital cost is Rs. 60,000 per kW. wind power alone is generating almost 26,000 MW capacity globally. sufficient to meet the daily energy requirements of an average rural household, which is normally limited to 2-3 Kwh per day. The landholding in rura wind power alone is generating almost 26,000 MW capacity globally. sufficient to meet the daily energy requirements of an average rural household, which is normally limited to 2-3 Kwh per day. The landholding in rura

3. Wind System 1.Wind turbines: two or three blades. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft connected to a generator that makes electricity. Two basic categories of turbines i) smaller DC based permanent magnet turbines (mainly used for rural electrification) ii) large induction turbines, often used in conjunction with an existing grid. Small wind turbines use permanent magnet alternators to produce wild AC power that is in turn rectified to DC and used together with a battery bank . Small turbines are usually made with few moving parts and are designed for rural applications where frequent maintenance is difficult Commercial wind turbines range from a few hundred watts to 20 kw to over one megawatt  The rotors of the wind turbines consist of two or three blades that are aerodynamically designed to capture the maximum energy from the windThe rotors of the wind turbines consist of two or three blades that are aerodynamically designed to capture the maximum energy from the wind

5. Tower: For small home systems 4 to 6 - to assist in maintenance and transportability For larger power systems, such as for schools on rural communities, the minimum tower height should be around 18m. Charge controller: Battery over-charge control Malfunction protection from inverter and other system components Lightning protection Protection from inverse direction current flow, A foundation :- made of reinforced concrete; A wire run-to conduct electricity from the generator to the electronics; A disconnect (or safety) switch, 1.For small home systems 4 to 6 meters can be used 2.controls the charging of the battery by the wind turbine and usually serves the following functions1.For small home systems 4 to 6 meters can be used 2.controls the charging of the battery by the wind turbine and usually serves the following functions

6. Battery bank To disconnect the battery when it reaches a low state of charge Polarity protection so that devices cannot be connected improperly Manual disconnection to allow the user to disconnect all of the DC loads safely Inverter A wide DC input range and stable AC output High conversion efficiency and very low idle power consumption Able to sustain the surge power when starting large loads Over current and over voltage protection Low voltage protection to keep battery from being heavily discharged Most household appliances use AC. Therefore, inverters are usually added to the system to convert DC into AC. Load controller: As explained above, electricity from these systems is produced in DC form and can be used directly for any DC loads, such as light bulbs, radios, TVs and many industrial appliances. If DC loads are used, a DC load controller must be implemented to serve the following purposes: Fast acting fuses to protect the user and battery bank from short circuiting in the DC loads Features of a common inverter: When the electricity produced by the wind turbine exceeds the system load, the extra power can be stored in a battery bank. Due to speed variations, wind systems do not provide a constant level of power supply, thus the battery system also stores surplus power for use in times of calm or low wind. Electricity is stored in the battery in DC form. Power system battery banks are made up of multiple units of stationary deep-cycle batteries linked together in series. The size is determined by the load capacity, the wind pattern and desired storage time. As explained above, electricity from these systems is produced in DC form and can be used directly for any DC loads, such as light bulbs, radios, TVs and many industrial appliances. If DC loads are used, a DC load controller must be implemented to serve the following purposes: Fast acting fuses to protect the user and battery bank from short circuiting in the DC loads Features of a common inverter: When the electricity produced by the wind turbine exceeds the system load, the extra power can be stored in a battery bank. Due to speed variations, wind systems do not provide a constant level of power supply, thus the battery system also stores surplus power for use in times of calm or low wind. Electricity is stored in the battery in DC form. Power system battery banks are made up of multiple units of stationary deep-cycle batteries linked together in series. The size is determined by the load capacity, the wind pattern and desired storage time.

7.  Windmill : Working Principle The power available in the wind that can be harvested depends on two factors : wind speed and the area swept by the propeller blades. Power available in wind (in Watts) : P = � x J x A x V3 Where J =air density=1.23 kgm3 at sea level A = swept area( in m2) = ? x r2. V=wind velocity (m/s) for a 1.524 m dia. windmill in a 10 mph wind Power available = � x 1.23 x 3.141 x (1.5242) x 4.4704 3 = 100.22 Watts A Windmill extracts energy from moving air by slowing down the wind, and transferring this harvested energy into a spinning shaft, which usually turns an alternator or generator to produce electricity. where r is the length of the propeller bladeA Windmill extracts energy from moving air by slowing down the wind, and transferring this harvested energy into a spinning shaft, which usually turns an alternator or generator to produce electricity. where r is the length of the propeller blade

8. How to improve the efficiency?? Observations from the above calculation: there is very little power available in low winds The power available increases 8 times, when the wind speed doubles Thus, in low winds, the only technique to increase the available power is by sweeping a larger area with the blades. The Power available increases by a factor of 4 when the diameter of the blades is doubled . Hence if we use a 10-foot (3.048 m) diameter rotor for a 7.30 m- swept area in a 10 mph wind, Power available P = � x 1.23 x 7.30 x 4.4704 3 = 401 Watts But, in a 9 m/sec wind condition, P = � x 1.23 x 7.30 x 8.9408 3 = 3209 Watts

9. DEMAND COVERED FOR DIFFERENT LOADS Small wind systems are mostly applicable for small loads, such as , water pumping, battery charging, refrigeration, ice making in individual rural homes, schools, remote health posts, small scale commercial applications, etc.

10. The most common small wind systems for rural areas are wind home systems, wind pumping systems, hybrid power systems and battery charging stations.

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12. Guidelines/incentives for wind power generation in India

13. Guidelines/incentives for wind power generation in India

14. Gross wind power potential in India Gross wind potential in India has been estimated at over 45000 MW based on the areas having wind power density of 200 watts per mtr or more and assuming land availability in potential areas @ 1% and land requirements @ 12 hectare per MW

15. Gross wind power potential in India

16. State-wise installed capacity

17. Wind Resource map of India

18. India wind energy and economy In the early 1980s, the Indian government established the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) to encourage diversification of the country's energy supply, and satisfy the increasing energy demand of a rapidly growing economy. In 2006, this ministry was renamed the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)

19. India wind energy and economy The total potential for wind power in India was first estimated by the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) at around 45 GW, and was recently increased to 48.5 GW. The C-WET study was based on a comprehensive wind mapping exercise initiated by MNRE, which established a country-wide network of 105O wind monitoring and wind mapping stations in 25 Indian States. 216 suitable sites have been idetified.

20. India wind energy and economy However, the wind measurements were carried out at lower heights and did not take into account technological innovations. �At heights of 55-65 meters, the Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association (IWTMA) estimates that the potential for wind development in India is around 65-70 GW. The World Institute for Sustainable Energy, India (WISE) considers that with larger turbines, greater land availability and expanded resource exploration, the potential could be as big as 100 GW.

21. Wind Power Growth in India

22. Projections for future additions

23. Wind Energy Traditionally Wind energy is used for grinding purpose and water pumping. Now it is utilized mainly for generating electricity ending its traditional use in a way ending its rural benefit . Now giant wind turbines are used for Electricity production mainly benefiting urban population.

24. Small Size Wind Mill (3 to 6 m) Small size wind mills with 3 to 6m (10 to 20 ft) blade diameter is one of the most adaptable, flexible and easy to use technology for generating sustainable and cheap electricity. This system is capable of producing power ranging from 500 watts to 5 Kw with an estimated daily electrical energy output of around 4 -10 KwH under a mean wind speed of 5 - 10 meter/sec. At places experiencing higher wind speed conditions, the power output may even peak to 7-8 KW albeit for shorter periods. This output is considered sufficient to meet the daily energy requirements of an average rural household, which is normally limited to 2-3 Kwh per day.

25. Specifications The small Wind Turbines are upwind, horizontal-axis wind machines where the rotor spins in front of the tower about a line parallel with the horizon.� There are three blades made of mainly wood although cheap composite materials, such as fiberglass (glass reinforced polyester) can also be used.� Because of their tiny size, small Windmills cannot afford the complexities of having yaw motors and mechanical gear drives of the bigger upwind Wind Turbines.� Small Wind turbines use tail vanes to point the rotor into the wind. These Turbines also have a system for controlling the rotor in high winds.�The Wind turbine "furl" or fold about a hinge so that the Blade rotor assembly swings toward the tail vane.�

26. THE BENEFITS OF SMALL WIND SYSTEMS Easy and quick installation. Low maintenance: typically needing to be inspected only every two years Generation of local employment. not difficult to manufacture. In this respect, local manufacturing, under license or through a joint venture is often a suitable option for developing countries since they would benefit from reduced foreign exchange requirements, better support capabilities, local economic development and, usually, lower production costs. Economical. Wind systems replace existing household expenditures for kerosene, candles and dry-cell batteries . - operational costs are not a burden Mitigation of climate change

27. Other Benefits The landholding in rural India being very small, a �windmill in each farm will not only light up every household but may also make these villages totally self reliant in electricity for water pumping and other agricultural needs. These system already have a big advantage in terms of very low maintenance requirements as they can operate for extended periods without attention; with only a few moving parts, which typically require inspection only every two years during their 20 to 40 year design life. Small wind systems can totally replace the existing rural household expenditures for kerosene, candles and dry-cell batteries.

28. Hand made Wind Turbine This is the simplest and possibly most efficient way to generate electricity, and is the same basic principle used in almost all wind turbines, even the large scale commercial ones. The electricity from a wind turbine varies with the wind speed, so to make practical use of it, you must be able to store it in batteries, or change it into a form that gives a stable, constant voltage using bridge rectifiers.

29. Tools which are used This tools can be replaced by locally available tools in rural areas.

30. Material Used

31. Material Used This material used like cardboard, wooden sticks are easily available in rural areas Coil and other hardware are also available in hardware shops. Bottle like plastic material is also available. In short the material used in it can also be replaced with other material available locally.

32. Working Diagram

33. Why use ?? This can be easily made in home and also very economical. It is very portable device so can be changed easily according to wind direction. The energy produced by 4 coils is around 4 volts. We can also improve this design and can introduce more coils to produce more energy. This energy can be stored in battery and can then further utilized for other purpose.

34. Pico Wind Turbine

35. Description This prototype model was developed in Guatemala. It is developed by Catapult Design with an NGO called Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group (AIDG). Its a picovertical-axis wind turbine, is designed to operate in low wind speeds while charging a 12v car battery � this battery will in turn power small electrical devices.

36. Objectives and Constraints The turbine should generate 10-20 Watts in 15mph winds. An incorporated generator should charge 12v car batteries for use with LED lights, radios, and cellular phones. The turbine and associated electronics should occupy a small footprint (2�3 ft). The turbine should mount on the top of a small tower no more than 10 ft off the ground.

37. Objectives and Constraints The turbine and all components must be manufactured using locally available materials & skills. The price target for the turbine, generator, electronics, and batteries should be such that it is feasible for rural people.

38. Mini Wind Turbine Charger

39. Mini Wind Turbine Charger However, this neat eco gadget, a mini wind turbine charger is small enough to hold in your hand or attach to a bike. It needs only 9mph of wind to start charging the internal battery, which can then be used to charge many devices, such as mobile phones, digital cameras and iPods. The charger is capable of charging the internal battery with winds between 9mph and 40mph. A 20 minute charge at 19mph should give you 30 minutes play time on an iPod or 4 minutes talk time on your mobile phone. So the charger is mostly suited for emergency use.

40. Secret Energy Turbines

41. Secret Energy Turbines

42. Secret Energy Turbines The S.E.T has been designed by inventor Rupert Sweet-Escott. The 400mm sized S.E.T is thought to be able to provide enough energy to power the lights of an average household, if the lights used have low energy bulbs fitted. By using a Sine Wave inverter the electricity is then transformed back into an AC supply that can be used in a normal household way due to the 12/24voltage being changed to 230 voltage. Constructed from totally weatherproof materials (aluminium coated with aircraft grade epoxy paint, coated with a protective oil) the S.E.T can cope with even harsh and rainy winters and bright sunny summers. It has been shown to cope with wind speeds of up to 90 mph.

43. Harnessing Wind Energy- Problems & Solutions Variability in availability Transient Fluctuation in wind energy supply Mismatch between demand and supply Ambient location of wind mill Efficient conversion and storage mechanism Energy storage devices

44. Flywheels Flywheels store energy in a rotating mass of steel of composite material Mechanical inertia is the basis of this storage method Use of a motor/generator, energy can be cycled (absorbed and then discharged) Increasing surface speed of flywheel, energy storage capacity (kWh) of unit increased Increasing size of motor/generator, power (kW) of unit increased

46. Flow Batteries Store energy in charged electrolytes and utilize proton exchange membranes similar to fuel cells Rapid-response storage medium Designed to smooth out transient fluctuations in wind energy supply Flowing the (charged or uncharged) electrolytes through the cell, energy can be cycled through the unit Adding additional electrolyte energy storage capacity (kWh) of unit increased Increasing number of cells power (kW) of unit increased

47. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) CAES facilities store energy in compressed air held in underground chambers Charges (compress the air) the cavern with low cost system power Air is then used as input for a gas turbine during peak price periods , allowing all of the energy output to generate energy instead of compressing air in pre-combustion Increasing volume of air in underground chamber energy storage capacity (kWh) of unit increased Increasing size of compressor and turbine power (kW) of unit increased

49. Adiabatic Compression: 70% efficiency Diabatic Compression: Low efficiency (52% but easier to construct and use) Turbocharger used to convert mechanical energy to air pressure potential energy

50. Wind Turbine Gravity Storage Wind turbine towers have a cable attached to a large weight internal to the tower During lower demand the turning force of the blades disconnected from the generator and used to raise the weight to the top of the tower (can up to 130 meters) When power demand is high and the wind is not blowing, the blades disconnected from the generator and the weight would be released to turn the generator via gravity and generate power.

51. Water Pumping Wind Machine Pumping water to a high storage reservoir during off-peak hours Such systems can only increase kinetic water volume during windy periods.

52. Wind Energy For irrigation The production of energy from windmills specifically designed to operate at low wind velocities that generally prevail throughout the year are reasonably economical for irrigating small farms from open wells. Windmills that are 10m in diameter and set at intervals of 100m in all directions do not interfere with each other and are capable of irrigating 1 ha of land with an average wind velocity of 10km/h for 10 hours a day . In rural areas, where electrification has not yet been achieved or is highly expensive, and the wind velocities are not very high, the use of such low velocity pumps are a very efficient means of irrigation

53. Conclusion Wind turbines produce no air, water, or thermal pollution and emit no greenhouse or smog-causing gases. By using wind power, we will also be offsetting pollution that would have been generated by the local utility company. Over its life, a small residential wind turbine can offset approximately 1.2 tons of air pollutants and 200 tons of greenhouse gas pollutants (carbon dioxide and other gases which cause global warming). Small wind turbines will be a strong contender in reducing these emissions. This type of technology can be used in rural India and villages can be made self reliant . Our government is only focusing on large Wind mill that too producing electricity for urban areas. R & D work should be done on pico scale wind mills and technology should be transferred from Developed countries and India has huge potential of wind energy.