Precedents & Challenges of Washington's Presidency

1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1:The First President Section 2:Early Challenges Section 3:The First Political Parties Visual Summary Chapter Menu

3. The First President Essential QuestionWhat were the precedents that Washington established as the first president of the United States? Chapter Intro

4. Early Challenges Essential QuestionWhat challenges did the United States face during Washington’s administration? Chapter Intro

5. The First Political Parties Essential QuestionHow did the Federalist and Republican Parties form, and on what issues did they disagree? Chapter Intro

6. Chapter Time Line

7. Chapter Time Line

8. Chapter Preview-End

9. What were the precedents that Washington established as the first president of the United States? Section 1-Essential Question

10. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • precedent • cabinet • national debt • bond • unconstitutional • tariff Academic Vocabulary • uniform • accumulate Section 1-Key Terms

11. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Thomas Jefferson • Alexander Hamilton • John Jay • Bill of Rights Section 1-Key Terms

12. A B C D Which of the following do you think is the most important of the Bill of Rights? A.Freedom of speech B.The right to a fair trial C.The right to keep and bear arms D.Protection from unreasonable search and seizure Section 1-Polling Question

13. President Washington President Washington and the new Congress had to make many decisions about the structure of the new government. Section 1

14. President Washington(cont.) • George Washington and the first Congress established the precedents that would shape the future of the United States: • The inaugural address • Two terms in office • Creation of the cabinet • Foreign policy of neutrality Section 1

15. President Washington(cont.) • In 1789 Congress set up three departments within the executive branch of government. The heads of each department became known as the cabinet. • The State Department, led by Thomas Jefferson, handled relations with other nations. • The Department of the Treasury, led by Alexander Hamilton, handled financial matters. Section 1

16. President Washington(cont.) • The Department of War handled the nation’s defense. • The federal court system was set up by the Judiciary Act of 1789 in order to reach a compromise between those who wanted a uniform legal system and those who favored state courts. • Federal courts could overturn state court decisions, but state laws remained intact. Section 1

17. President Washington(cont.) • John Jaybecame the first chief justice of the Supreme Court • In order to keep the federal government from becoming too strong, the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to guarantee states’ rights and individual civil liberties. Section 1

18. A B C D Which of the following is NOT a branch of the US Government? A.The Executive branch B.The Judicial branch C.The Military branch D.The Legislative branch Section 1

19. The New Country’s Economy The new country’s economy developed under the guidance of Alexander Hamilton. Section 1

20. The New Country’s Economy(cont.) • The new nation faced serious financial problems with a growing national debt. • Hamilton asked Congress that bonds, which had been purchased to fund the Revolution be paid off at their original value. • Southern states had accumulated much less debt than northern states, so Hamilton agreed to locate the nation’s new capital in the South in return for southern leaders’ support for his repayment plan. Section 1

21. The New Country’s Economy(cont.) • Much discussion was held about whether the creation of a national bank was unconstitutional. • Hamilton proposed a tariff on foreign goods and established national taxes on goods like whiskey to help pay off the national debt. Economics & History Section 1

22. A B C D Which of the following is not a part of Alexander Hamilton’s plan for strengthening the nation’s economy? A.Repaying debt to foreign countries B.Establishing a national bank C.Collecting national taxes D.Issuing bonds to American citizens Section 1

23. Section 1-End

24. What challenges did the United States face during Washington’s administration? Section 2-Essential Question

25. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • neutrality • impressment Academic Vocabulary • challenge • maintain Section 2-Key Terms

26. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Whiskey Rebellion • Battle of Fallen Timbers • Treaty of Greenville • Edmond Genêt • Jay’s Treaty • Pinckney’s Treaty Section 2-Key Terms

27. A B C Do you think it is right for the U.S. government to use force to keep order? A.Yes, always B.Yes, under certain circumstances C.No, never Section 2-Polling Question

28. The Whiskey Rebellion and the West The new government was faced with challenges in Pennsylvania and on the frontier. Section 2

29. The Whiskey Rebellion and the West(cont.) • An armed mob of Pennsylvania farmers, angry at the government-imposed whiskey tax, attacked tax collectors and burned down buildings. • Washington and his advisors met this challenge by crushing the Whiskey Rebellion, sending a message to the people that the government would use force when necessary to maintain order. Section 2

30. The Whiskey Rebellion and the West(cont.) • Washington made treaties with Native Americans, hoping to lessen Spanish and British influence on them. • Many Americans believed that an alliance with France would help them defeat the British, Spanish, and Native Americans in the West. • A defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers crushed the Native Americans’ hopes of keeping their land. Section 2

31. The Whiskey Rebellion and the West(cont.) • In the Treaty of Greenville, the United States claimed most of the land in what is now Ohio from Native American groups. Native American Campaigns Section 2

32. A B C D Which of the following is not a Native American Nation? A.Shawnee B.Miami C.Cherokee D.Manatee Section 2

33. Problems with Europe President Washington wanted the nation to remain neutral in foreign conflicts. Section 2

34. Problems with Europe(cont.) • Washington wanted the United States to maintain neutrality when England and France went to war in 1793 • When French diplomat Edmond Genêttried to recruit American volunteers to fight the British, Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality. • The British practice of impressmentwas to capture American trading ships and force American crews into the British navy. Section 2

35. Problems with Europe(cont.) • In Jay’s Treaty, the British agreed to withdraw from American soil, but did not agree to stop the practice of impressment. • Pinckney’s Treaty gave the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right to trade at New Orleans. Section 2

36. A B C D Jay’s Treaty was an agreement with what country? A.Spain B.France C.Britain D.Russia Section 2

37. Section 2-End

38. How did the Federalist and Republican Parties form, and on what issues did they disagree? Section 3-Essential Question

39. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • partisan • implied powers • caucus • alien • sedition • nullify • states’ rights Academic Vocabulary • resolve • principle Section 3-Key Terms

40. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • XYZ affair • Alien and Sedition Acts • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Section 3-Key Terms

41. A B C D What do you think is the most important principle of Jefferson’s Republican party? A.Strong emphasis on states’ rights B.Accessibility of politics to the average citizen C.Strict interpretation of the Constitution D.Protection of civil liberties Section 3-Polling Question

42. Opposing Views By 1796, Americans began to take opposing sides on issues. Two political parties emerged from the debates. Section 3

43. Opposing Views(cont.) • Washington and Hamilton disapproved of political parties, worrying that they would divide the nation. Others, like Thomas Jefferson, favored their formation. • Though he tried to remain neutral, Washington was often partisan to Hamilton’s views, supporting Hamilton’s beliefs in the implied powers of the federal government. Section 3

44. Opposing Views(cont.) • By the mid-1790s, two distinct political parties formed: • the Federalists • the Democratic-Republicans, or Republicans • In addition to the difference in their interpretation of the Constitution, the two parties also disagreed over the role of the American citizen in politics. Section 3

45. Opposing Views(cont.) • In the presidential election of 1976: • Federalists and Republicans held caucuses. • The Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson. • The Federalists nominated John Adams. • In the end, John Adams received 71 electoral votes, winning the election. Section 3

46. A B C D Which of the following was NOT a United States political party? A.Democrats B.Revisionists C.Republicans D.Federalists Section 3

47. President John Adams During his administration, President John Adams faced a dispute with France and the issue of states’ rights at home. Section 3

48. President John Adams(cont.) • The XYZ Affair of 1797 was a French attempt to collect bribes to help resolve the United States’ conflict with France. • Americans began to grow suspicious of aliens, especially those from France, and feared sedition. The Alien and Sedition Acts Section 3

49. President John Adams(cont.) • In response to the Federalists’ Alien and Sedition Acts, the Republicans drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which sought to preserve individual liberties and nullifyfederal laws they deemed unconstitutional. • The principleof states’ rightsgained strength among the Republicans. Section 3

50. A B C D Which of the following is true of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? A.They were drafted by Federalists opposing Republican uses of federal power. B.They claimed that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the constitution. C.They distributed land to settlers in Virginia and Kentucky. D.They rejected the principle of state’s rights. Section 3