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Lecture 1

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  1. Lecture 1 The Essence of Anthropology

  2. Outline • The development of Anthropology. • What is Anthropology? • What do Anthropologists do? • How do Anthropologists do what they do?

  3. What Is Anthropology? • The study of humankind everywhere, throughout time. • Seeks knowledge about what makes people different and about what they all have in common.

  4. What Do Anthropologists Do? • Study humans as biological organisms. • Trace the evolutionary developmentof humans. • Investigate biological variation past and present.

  5. How Do Anthropologists Work? • Formulate hypotheses to develop theories supported by data. • Anthropologists do fieldwork to become familiar with situations and recognize patterns in the data.

  6. Fields of Anthropology • Physical Anthropology • Archaeology • Linguistic Anthropology • Cultural Anthropology

  7. Physical Anthropology • Also called biological anthropology. • Focuses on humans as biological organisms, evolution, and human variation. • Analyze fossils and observe living primates to reconstruct the ancestry of the human species.

  8. Cultural Anthropology • The study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings. • Focuses on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures. • Two main components: ethnography and ethnology.

  9. Archaeology • Studies material remains in order to describe and explain human behavior. • Study tools, pottery, and other features such as hearths and enclosures that remain as the testimony of earlier cultures.

  10. Linguistic Anthropology Studies human languages: • Description of a language - the way a sentence is formed or a verb conjugated. • History of languages - the way languages change over time. • The study of language in its social setting.

  11. Ethnology • Also called sociocultural anthropology. • Concentrates human ideas and practices as they can be seen and experienced. • When possible, the ethnologist becomes ethnographer by living among the people under study.

  12. Anthropology’sComparative Method • Uses the methods of other scientists by developing hypotheses and arriving at theories. • Anthropologists make comparisons between peoples and cultures past and present, related species, and fossil groups.

  13. The Scientific Approach and Anthropology Difficulties: • Objectivity: It is difficult for someone who grew up in one culture to frame objective hypotheses about other cultures. • Validity:The reliability of the ethnographer’s account is not easily validated.

  14. Questions Of Ethics Anthropologists have obligations to: • Those whom they study. • Those who fund the research. • Those in the profession who expect a study to be published so they can further the research in the field.

  15. Assingnment: 1. Read: Haviland, Chapter 2: „The Characteristics of Culture”. 2. Study Alice Fletcher’s fieldwork among the Sioux Indian women in the 1880’s: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/fletcher/fletcher.htm 3. Watch on Youtube: - „Tales from the Jungle: Malinowski OR -”First Contact” (BBC4 Anthropology Season)

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