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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. Child Development Dr. Greg Cook Introductory Psychology. Developmental Psychology : the study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the life span. (We stay the same too!). “ Nature :” the influence of genetics, biological growth (GENES)

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 Child Development Dr. Greg Cook Introductory Psychology

  2. Developmental Psychology: the study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the life span. (We stay the same too!). • “Nature:” the influence of genetics, biological growth (GENES) • “Nurture:” the influence of parents, siblings, teachers, etc., also of surroundings, resources, stimuli, etc. (ENVIRONMENT). • G X E Nature X Nurture interactions determine who you are!

  3. Quantitative vs. Qualitative Change • Quantitative Change: In some ways, our growth/change is mostly gradual and consistent • Ex: Weight, height, counting ability, # facts known • Qualitative Change: In other ways, our growth/change goes through phases or stages • Ex: Social relationships go from either sex, to same-sex, to opposite-sex • You are an adult today, and in some sense you are “more” of who you used to be (smarter, etc.), but in other ways you are “different” than you used to be (examples?).

  4. Prenatal Development • Prenatal = Pre (before), natal (birth) • Conception 23 + 23 types of twins, multiples • Stages of Prenatal Development: • Germinal 0-2 weeks implants in uterus • Embryonic 3-8 weeks organogenesis • Fetal 9-38/40 growth • DeCasper & Spence (1986) “The Cat in the Hat”

  5. Teratogens • Teratogens: chemicals, viruses, other agents that can cause birth defects • Cigarette smoke: low birth weight (< 5.5 lbs.), SIDS, ADHD • Alcohol: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) --growth deficiency --facial, head deformities --CNS problems (MR, etc.) Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAEs) --MR, ADHD, motor impairments, etc. “Prenatal Alcohol exposure is the leading cause of MR in the United States!!” What other teratogens do we need to avoid? [Preventable, we can help!]

  6. Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development • Schemes • Assimilation • Accommodation • Equilibration Example in textbook: bouncing a ball bouncing a plum Photos from www.Piaget.org

  7. Piaget Practice Jamie, 4 years old, can count to 10 on her fingers. Now she is trying to count beads, but she gets confused about what to do when she gets to 20 and beyond. With some practice and help, she learns the “10s plus” rule of “twenty-one,” “thirty-one,” etc. Scheme = Assimilation = Accommodation = Equilibration =

  8. Piaget Practice Matt, 3 years old, rides his tricycle. Now he tries a 2-wheeled bike. He falls, but eventually he learns to balance and ride. Scheme = Assimilation = Accommodation = Equilibration =

  9. Piaget Practice Intro Psych students learn about Piaget’s theory, and it changes how they understand child development. Scheme = Assimilation = Accommodation = Equilibration =

  10. Piaget’s Stages of Development Children’s logic changes qualitatively across development • Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 years) Sensori + motor; no object permanence • Preoperational Stage (2 to 6 years) fail conservation problems egocentric centration • Concrete Operations Stage (6 to 11,12 years) pass conservation problems reversibility • Formal Operations Stage (11, 12 years+) abstract, hypothetical reasoning naïve idealism, imaginary audience, personal fable Photo from Cook & Cook (2007). World of Children.

  11. Language Development • Learning Theory: B. F. Skinner Language is a behavior that is shaped, reinforced, learned, like other behaviors. • Nativist Theory: Noam Chomsky Language Acquisition Device (LAD) • Interactionist Theory: Nature X Nurture

  12. Parenting StylesDiana Baumrind and others . . . • Authoritarian style: cold, firm • Authoritative style: warm, firm • Permissive style: warm, lax • Neglecting style: cold, lax Correlations between parenting style and child outcomes

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