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ILRI-KENYA@cgiar ILRI is a Future Harvest Centre

ILR I. International Livestock Research Institute. Investing in animal health research to alleviate poverty. Brian Perry, Tom Randolph, John McDermott, Keith Sones & Philip Thornton. ILRI-KENYA@cgiar.org ILRI is a Future Harvest Centre.

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ILRI-KENYA@cgiar ILRI is a Future Harvest Centre

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  1. ILRI InternationalLivestock Research Institute Investing in animal health research to alleviate poverty Brian Perry, Tom Randolph, John McDermott, Keith Sones & Philip Thornton ILRI-KENYA@cgiar.org ILRI is a Future Harvest Centre Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  2. Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  3. Report of a consultancy to identify priority research opportunities that improve the livelihoods of the poor through better control of animal diseases Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  4. Commissioned by the Department for International Development (DfID) of the Government of the United Kingdom, on behalf of the Interagency Group of Donors Supporting Research on Livestock Production and Health in the Developing World Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  5. Introduction • Why this study? • Better donor coordination • Can priorities for livestock health be assembled, and acted upon? • What happens if we focus uniquely on poverty alleviation? Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  6. Framework • Study conducted by the Epidemiology & Disease Control Group at ILRI (with help from a cast of hundreds!) • 5 month study • Independent and objective; poverty focus • Widest possible consultation • Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa, South-East Asia and South Asia • Quantitative where possible • Time frame of 15 years Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  7. POVERTY 6 billion people 2.8 billion on less that US$ 2 per day 1.2 billion on less than US 1 per day 2 more billion people by 2025 97% of these in developing countries 2000 2025 Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  8. How to attack poverty1 • Promoting opportunity • Expanding economic opportunities for the poor • Building the assets of the poor • Increasing return on assets by market and non-market actions 1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp. Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  9. How to attack poverty1 • Facilitating empowerment • Making state institutions more accountable • Making state institutions more responsive to the poor 1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp. Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  10. How to attack poverty1 • Enhancing security • Reducing poor peoples’ vulnerability to ill health, to economic shocks, the crop failures, etc. 1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp. Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  11. How to attack poverty1 Summary: A change of focus from development that supports the national economy to a direct focus on the the ailments of the poor 1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp. Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  12. So where do livestock and their diseases fit in? • Livestock form a component of the livelihoods of 70% of the world’s poor (LID, 1999). • Livestock support the livelihoods of poor farmers, but also consumers of livestock products, traders in livestock and their products, and labourers • Disease is an every day occurrence to all of these people; animals of the poor are more vulnerable • Poor farmers have few animals, loss is important • Livestock are a reserve in lean times, when disease may be more severe Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  13. Study Design Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  14. Study design • Defining and quantifying the location and extent of poverty, and its association with livestock farming systems • Livestock and the poor; which species are most important to their livelihoods • The poor, their livestock, and the impact of diseases • What have been the constraints to delivering animal health services? • What are the research opportunities in animal health? • Pulling it all together; disease impact, research opportunities, and poverty alleviation Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  15. How were they achieved? • Describe and quantify the distribution and extent of poverty in South East Asia, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa • Determine the association of poverty with different agricultural production systems that involve livestock • Derived from global poverty maps developed in the companion study of Thornton et al. (2001). Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  16. How were they achieved? • Determine the priority species to the poor in each region and production system • Identify the disease constraints to these species, and rank them • Regional workshops in West Africa, Eastern& Southern Africa, South East Asia and South Asia Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  17. OIE THAILAND INDONESIA FAO LAOS VIETNAM MYANMAR CAMBODIA Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  18. Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  19. How were they achieved? • Review published literature on the impact of livestock diseases and of their control in the target regions • Commissioned reviews: Pilling, Heffernan & Rushton (diseases), Permin & Madsen (poultry diseases, and delivery of services for poultry), McLeod & Wilsmore (delivery of animal health services), Coleman (zoonotic diseases), Willingham (meat-borne parasitic zoonoses) Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  20. How were they achieved? • Identify research opportunities to alleviate these constraints • Generic research opportunities identified by workshops • Disease/syndrome specific research opportunities identified by workshops • Disease specific research opportunities for selected diseases identified and described by experts Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  21. How were they achieved? • Identify priority research opportunities in different categories that take into consideration of the likely impact on poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  22. Quantitative assessment • Characterize poverty in 4 regions • … and association with livestock farming systems • Determine priority species to the poor • Identify priority disease constraints • Characterize current control efforts/constraints • Identify research opportunities • Determine priorities for poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  23. Qualitative approach • Characterize poverty in 4 regions • … and association with livestock farming systems • Determine priority species to the poor • Identify priority disease constraints • Characterize current control efforts/constraints • Identify research opportunities • Determine priorities for poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  24. Objectives & steps to achieving them • Characterize poverty in 4 regions • … and association with livestock farming systems • Determine priority species to the poor • Identify priority disease constraints • Characterize current control efforts/constraints • Identify research opportunities • Determine priorities for poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  25. Poverty Indicators • P-adjusted number of rural poor • Combines “extent” with “severity” • Adjusts 2010 national average incomes by the skewness in income distribution • …and relates it to the poverty line • P ranges from 0 (avg adjusted income above poverty line) to 1 (avg adjusted income well below poverty line) Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  26. Poverty Indicators • Number of rural poor • P-adjusted number of rural poor NOTE: Has no direct interpretation as an indicator – is simply used as a weighting factor. Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  27. Objectives & steps to achieving them • Characterize poverty in 4 regions • … and association with livestock farming systems • Determine priority species to the poor • Identify priority disease constraints • Characterize current control efforts/constraints • Identify research opportunities • Determine priorities for poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  28. Livestock Production Systems PASTORAL AGRO- PASTORAL PERI-URBAN Rough correspondence Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  29. Livestock production systems (From Thornton et al., 2001) Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  30. Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  31. Objectives & steps to achieving them • Characterize poverty in 4 regions • … and association with livestock farming systems • Determine priority species to the poor • Identify priority disease constraints • Characterize current control efforts/constraints • Identify research opportunities • Determine priorities for poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  32. Priority species for the poor • Ranked in order of importance through discussion and consensus of participants at regional consultations Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  33. Objectives & steps to achieving them • Characterize poverty in 4 regions • … and association with livestock farming systems • Determine priority species to the poor • Identify priority disease constraints • Characterize current control efforts/constraints • Identify research opportunities • Determine priorities for poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  34. Assessing disease impacts • Scoring system devised during initial methodology workshop (January) • Revised & used by participants during regional consultations Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  35. Assessing disease impacts: Development of a composite index Economic 25% Economic 85% Social 25% Zoonotic 25% National 25% National 15% Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  36. Assessing disease impacts: Final composite index Annual expected herd/flock incidence of clinical disease x Degree of severity of impact within the herd/flock Economic Production losses 70% Control 15% Current cost of prevention & treatment % health expenditures on that species National 15% Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  37. Assessing disease impacts: Final composite index Economic Production losses 70% Market effects on the poor 10% Control 15% Public expenditure 5% National 15% Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  38. Assessing disease impacts: Zoonoses index Annual expected herd/flock incidence of clinical disease x Scope ofincidence 50% Zoonotic 100% Impact in affected individuals 50% Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  39. Example: Anthrax in cattlein MRH in South Asia Economic Production losses 70% Incidence: 1% Herd impact: 2 (out of 5) Losses 0.02 Normalized 0.03 x 0.70 .021 Control costs 0 (out of 5) x 0.15 .000 Control 15% Market impacts: 4 (of 5) x 0.10 Public expend.: 0 (of 5) x 0.05 .400 .000 National 15% Sdijk TOTAL: .421 Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  40. Qualitative approach • Characterize poverty in 4 regions • … and association with livestock farming systems • Determine priority species to the poor • Identify priority disease constraints • Characterize current control efforts/constraints • Identify research opportunities • Determine priorities for poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  41. Global poverty and its association with agricultural systems Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  42. . Percentage of the Population below the Poverty Line (From Thornton et al., 2001)(Rural Poverty Rate) Study areas: Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and South East Asia Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  43. Mxx = mixed systems xRx = rainfed xxA = arid Lxx = pastoral systems xIx = irrigated xxH = humid LL = land-less systems xxT = temperate Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  44. Regional distribution of poverty, as the poverty measure is refined Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  45. Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  46. The distribution of poverty: some key points • The majority of poor associated with livestock are found in mixed crop-livestock systems (94%)………..pastoralists account for 5% • The majority of poor live in South Asia • 57% located there. • A larger share of poverty is found in sub-Saharan Africa as the poverty measure is refined • Headcount: 27% in S-S Africa • P-adjustment: 34% • Poor livestock keepers: 36% • P-adjusted livestock keepers: 45% Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  47. The distribution of poverty: future trends? • Poverty is growing most rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa Poverty Growth rates, 1987-1998 (Average per annum; source: World Bank (2000)) Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  48. The distribution of poverty: future trends? • Agro-pastoral production systems will expand at the expense of pastoralist systems due to population growth • Pastoralism will replace agro-pastoralism in some areas of sub-Saharan Africa due to climate change Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  49. The association of livestock species with the poor • Issues of data availability & quality Livestock demography data: the example of disease dynamics, disease impact and pig production in SE Asia Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

  50. The association of livestock species with the poor • The poor usually keep more than one species • Each species serves multiple roles for the household • The “livestock ladder” Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

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