Animal Classification, Phylogeny, and Organization

1. Animal Classification, Phylogeny, and Organization Cladistics & Taxonomy

2. Animal Systematics • The goal of animal systematics is to arrange animals into groups that reflect evolutionary relationships. • How might you group the animals in the picture? • One way to group them is by using phylogenetic systematics, otherwise known as cladistics. • Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary ancestry of animals; how they are related to a common ancestor. • Cladistics uses the phylogeny of animals to group them according to homologous characters. • Character – anything with a genetic basis that can be measured, i.e., anatomy, morphology, or DNA itself.

3. Cladistics • Cladistics focuses on monophyletic groups. • A monophyletic group refers to a single ancestor species and all of its descendants. • Diagrams called cladograms are used to represent the phylogeny of organisms.

4. Characters • Symplesiomorphy – a homologous character shared by all members of a monophyletic group. • Synapomorphy – a derived character that has arisen after a symplesiomorphy visible in a given outgroup. Groups that share a certain synapomorphy are called a clade.

5. Cats are more similar to dogs than they are to frogs, because they share a more recent common ancestor with dogs

6. Practice Cladogram

7. Construct a Cladogram

8. Gorilla Chimpanzee Tail Lost Fur Four Limbs Tiger Lizard Fish

9. Cladogram Showing Vertebrate Phylogeny

10. Classification • Organisms can be classified according to their relatedness to other organisms. • The accepted classifications among scientists are called taxonomy. • Taxonomy is a hierarchical system. This means that you start very general and get more specific as you proceed down the list. Example - The grocery store is set up the same way!

12. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

13. Current Biological Classifications • Kingdom King • Phylum Philip • Class Came • Order Over • Family For • Genus Grape • Species Soda

14. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens Example: Human

15. Binomial Nomenclature • Bi – 2 • Nomen – name • The first name is always the GENUS • The second name is always the SPECIES • Thus, our binomial nomenclature is homo sapiens. • The binomial nomenclature of a house cat is felis catus. • The binomial nomenclature of a killer whale is orcinus orca.

16. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Subspecies Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Canidae Canis lupus familiaris Example: Dog

17. The 5 Kingdoms • Kingdom: • Monera – true bacteria and cyanobacteria • Protista – eukaryotic, unicellular or colonial, usually motile, microscopic in size (amoeba, paramecium, etc.) • Plantae – eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic, have cell walls, nonmotile • Fungi – eukaryotic, multicellular, decomposer, have cell walls, usually nonmotile • Animalia – eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls, motile, specialized tissues