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Sensation involves detecting physical stimuli, while perception is about integrating, organizing, and interpreting those sensations. The five primary senses—vision, taste, hearing, touch, and smell—convey environmental information to our brain. Visual perception begins with light entering the eye, where it undergoes transduction in the retina and is processed by the brain. Similarly, sound waves are processed through the auditory system. Understanding the pathways and mechanisms of sensation and perception is essential for grasping how we understand our world, including visual illusions and the principles of perceptual organization.
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Sensation—the process of detecting a physical stimulus Perception—the process of integrating, organizing and interpreting sensations Five Sensations: vision gustation audition touch olfaction Is there a sixth??
Anatomical substrate for vision, i.e., the pathway from the stimulus in the environment to the occipital lobe, where we “see” • Vision begins with a stimulus from the environment—the range of the electromagnetic field from radio waves to cosmic rays; only a small portion is visible to humans ns
The pathway begins with -light from the environment which then passes through the -cornea, pupil and lens -light is focused on the retina It is here that “transduction” occurs *TRANSDUCTION* is the point at which the stimulus from the environment (light) becomes a nerve impulse (electrochemical neurotransmission)
The photoreceptors in the lining of the retina are called rods and cones -axons of rods and cones form optic nerve -optic nerve crosses at the optic chiasm -nerves project to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to the -visual cortex in the occipital lobe WHERE WE SEE!
Hearing begins in the environment and ends in the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe PATHWAY The stimulus from the environment is sound, in the form of waves. The sound is “funnelled” by the outer ear—pinna, ear canal and eardrum.
Middle ear—three tiny bones, called ossicles– anvil, stirrup, hammer Inner ear—cochlea snail-shaped structure about the size of a pea lined with hair cells that bend, causing “transduction” *TRANSDUCTION* is when a stimulus from the environment (sound) becomes a neural impulse (electrochemical neurotransmission)
Transduction occurs at basilar membranes Axon neurons become the optic nerve Optic nerve projects to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus Thalamus to auditory cortex in Temporal lobe, where we “hear”. If a tree falls in the forest, and there’s no one there to hear it, does it make a sound?
OTHER SENSATIONS • Smell
Taste • Touch Also—kinesthesia (body movement) and vestibular (balance)
PERCEPTION • refers to the process of integrating, organizing and interpreting sensory information into meaningful representations
GESTALT LAWS OFFORM PERCEPTION • Figure-ground
ILLUSIONS(MISPERCEPTIONS) Muller-Lyer
