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Stand-alone PV power supply for developing countries

Stand-alone PV power supply for developing countries. Frederick M. Ishengoma Dept. of Electrical Power Eng. NTNU. Access to Grid electricity. Estimated 2 billion people across the world don't have access to electricity

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Stand-alone PV power supply for developing countries

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  1. Stand-alone PV power supply for developing countries Frederick M. Ishengoma Dept. of Electrical Power Eng. NTNU ENO Presentation

  2. Access to Grid electricity • Estimated 2 billion people across the world don't have access to electricity • Majority of these are in the developing countries especially in rural remote areas ENO Presentation

  3. Access to Grid electricity • Southern Africa: About 21.74% of population have access to electricity in their homes particularly in urban areas (40million/184 million) • In rural remote areas, population is dispersed, has low incomes and the grid power supply is not fully extended to these areas due to viability and financial constraints • fuelwood, candles, kerosine, dry-cell batteries, diesel generators, etc. are used to meet energy needs ENO Presentation

  4. Push for Renewable energy • Potential threat of global climate change • Increasing energy demand world-wide • Uncertainty of non-renewable energy (price and availability) • World energy policy on using clean (non-polluting source of energy) ENO Presentation

  5. Photovoltaic (PV) • Photovoltaic – Generation of electricity from the sun using solar cells • Reliable and economical power source in rural remote areas ENO Presentation

  6. Advantages of PV • Non-polluting: No fuel burning • Availability • Reliability: Service time of at least 20 years • Low operating costs: The fuel is free. With no moving parts, the cells require little upkeep. • Modularity: Portability and sizebility • Low Construction Costs: PV systems are placed close to where the electricity is used, hence shorter and few wires, shorter construction time ENO Presentation

  7. Disadvantages of PV • High initial capital cost • Very low PV cell conversion efficiency (efficiency of solar modules differs depending on the materials used) • R&D ->development of low-cost PV materials (less $/Wp) and cost reduction in BOS components production of modules with higher efficiencies (about 30%). ENO Presentation

  8. PV costs and production trend ENO Presentation

  9. Solar energy • Most of dev. Countries have abundance of the solar energy resource all year round • PV for RAPS, telecommunication, water pumping, etc. • Solar water heating (SWH): hot water supply (domestic, commercial and industrial use) ENO Presentation

  10. ENO Presentation

  11. Barriers to PV Usage • Slow pace of power sector liberalisation and privatisation =>Independent Power Producers • Low levels of industrial development (delivery time and expensive due to transport, maintenance, labour costs). • Hardware from Europe, SA, Germany, USA • Lack of renewable energy policies • Lack of training and capacity building initiatives • Courses which provide exposure to energy technology ->renewable energy engineers and technicians ENO Presentation

  12. Types of PV systems • Grid connected PV power system • Fastest growing applications in developed countries • Stand-alone PV power supply (SAPS) or Remote Area PV Power Supply (RAPS) ENO Presentation

  13. Grid connected PV system ENO Presentation

  14. Hybrid system ENO Presentation

  15. Stand-alone PV system Sun ENO Presentation

  16. Main areas of PV research • Optimization of solar cells • Optimization of solar power conversion • Power electronics and control algorithms in the PV conversion process (efficiency of DC-DC converters, efficiency of inverters, improvement in battery charging mechanism, etc.) ENO Presentation

  17. Model of PV cell (module) ENO Presentation

  18. I-V and P-V characteristics ENO Presentation

  19. I-V and P-V characteristics - constant solar cell temperat. ENO Presentation

  20. I-V and P-V characteristics - constant Irradiance ENO Presentation

  21. Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) MPP ENO Presentation

  22. Control Sun ENO Presentation

  23. Advantages of digital Control • Flexibility due to programmability • Modification of control algorithms and performing complex tasks which are impossible using analog circuitry • Modifications to the design are made through code changes, not component changes • Reduces components of the system (cost and weight) ENO Presentation

  24. Main tasks • Mathematical Models for a PV module to be used in Matlab/simulink for MPPT and battery charging • Interface board for signals required for control • MPPT algorithm • Four states battery charging algorithm (trickle, bulk, overcharge and float states) with temperature compensation) • Control algorithm for inverter for linear and non-linear loads and dimensioning of LC filter for inverter • Extra: PECCTerm development and logging function ENO Presentation

  25. Conclusion • The cost of PV energy technologies is on a falling trend and is expected to fall further as demand and production increases • PV technology will serve rural areas population in developing countries from costs incurred in using costly energy sources and will improve their social and economical life • Locally produced hardware and local experts will ensure availability of service and maintenance and increase confidence in PV usage ENO Presentation

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