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Classification

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  1. Classification

  2. Classification of Living Organisms • Identified by traits • Organize life’s diversity • Over 1.7 million species on Earth • Taxonomy • Naming and classifying organisms • Scientific Nomenclature

  3. Scientific Nomenclature • Carl Linnaeus • 1750, the binomial nomenclature • 2 word system that includes the genus and species • Genus represents the “noun” • Species represents the “adjective” • Scientific name • No two different species have the same name

  4. Rules for Using Scientific Names • 2 latin or latin-like terms • All members of the genus share the genus name • Second term is descriptive, species • Genus is capitalized and species lower case • Both terms italicized or underlined

  5. Linnaean system • Classified all plants and animals • Organisms are grouped based on their similarities in their form and structure • Eight basic levels of modern classification

  6. Eight basic levels of modern classification • Domain • Kingdom – encompasses large groups • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus – uniquely shared traits within a family • Species – unique group of organisms united by heredity or interbreeding

  7. Humans Classification • Domain Eukarya • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Primates • Family Homidae • Genus Homo or Homo • Species sapiens or sapiens

  8. Phylogenetics(Systemics) • Ancestral relationships between species. • Created a “family tree” that links ancestor and descendant across 1000s of generations • Judging relatedness; grouping organisms by similarities can be subjective.

  9. Cladistics • Analysis that infers ancestral relationship between species (phylogenetics) through comparison of shared characteristics • Objective way to sort relatedness; • Morphology • molecular make-up • order and time of existence

  10. Illustrating RelationshipsPhylogenetic tree • Constructing Cladograms • Organisms are grouped together through the identification of shared derived characteristic. • Derived – evolved in one group but not in the other • All groups that arise from one point are related by a single ancestral lineage. • Shared characteristics between different groups of organisms.

  11. Pg 429 in textbook

  12. Kingdoms and Domains pg 433 • Carl Linnaeus had created a way to catalogue organisms with binomial nomenclature • Plants and Animals • Needed more detail • From 2 to 6 kingdoms; • Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia • Cell type, cell walls, body type, nutrition, and genetics • Divided into 3 Domains; Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

  13. Prokaryote or Eukaryote • Archaea and Bacteria • Eubacteria and Archaebacteria • No true nucleus or organelles • Unicellular, autotroph or heterotroph • Eukarya • Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia • Complex cells, true nucleus and organelles • Unicellular or multicellular • Heterotroph or autotroph • With or without cell walls (cellulose or chitin)

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