1. Super

2. Cable

3. Combined Storage & Delivery of Electricity & Hydrogen

4. RegionGrid Interconnection FACTS/IC “Use Existing Overhead ROW” H2 e– FACTS/IC H2 e– Your RTO Hydrogen Tanker Truck Fueling My RTO 50 Miles

5. +v I I -v H2 H2 H2 H2 Circuit #1 SuperCables +v I I -v Multiple circuits can be laid in single trench Circuit #2

6. LH2 SuperCable HV Insulation tsc “Super-Insulation” DH2 Superconductor DO Hydrogen

7. Electricity PSC = 2|V|IASC, where PSC = Electric power flow V = Voltage to neutral (ground) I = Supercurrent ASC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus Hydrogen PH2 = 2(QρvA)H2, where PH2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H2 oxidation energy (2.46 eV per mol H2) ρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube Power Flows

8. Electricity Power (MW) Voltage (V) Current (A) Critical Current Density (A/cm2) Annular Wall Thickness (cm) 1000 +/- 5000 100,000 25,000 0.125 Hydrogen (LH2, 20 K) Power (MW) Inner Pipe Diameter, DH2 (cm) H2 Flow Rate (m/sec) “Equivalent” Current Density (A/cm2) 500 10 3.81 318 Electric & H2 Power

9. H2 - Gas SuperCable Electrical Insulation “Super-Insulation” Liquid Nitrogen @ 77 K Superconductor Supercritical Hydrogen @ 77 K 2000 – 7000 psia

10. H2 Gas at 77 K and 1850 psia has 50% of the energy content of liquid H2 and 100% at 6800 psia

11. SuperCable H2 Storage One Raccoon Mountain = 13,800 cubic meters of LH2 LH2 in 10 cm diameter, 250 mile bipolar SuperCable = Raccoon Mountain

12. Thermal Losses Radiation Losses WR = 0.5εσ (T4amb – T4SC), where WR = Power radiated in as watts/unit area σ = 5.67×10-12 W/cm2K4 Tamb = 300 K TSC = 20 K ε = 0.05 per inner and outer tube surface DSC = 10 cm WR = 3.6 W/m Superinsulation: WRf = WR/(n-1), where n = number of layers  Target: WRf = 0.5 W/m requires ~10 layers  Other addenda (convection, conduction): WA = 0.5 W/m  WT = WRf + WA = 1.0 W/m

13. Heat Removal dT/dx = WT/(ρvCPA)H2, where dT/dx = Temp rise along cable, K/m WT = Thermal in-leak per unit Length ρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow Rate CP = H2 Heat Capacity A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube Take WT = 1.0 W/m, then dT/dx = 1.8910-5 K/m, Or, 0.2 K over a 10 km distance

14. Remaining Issues Current stabilization via voltage control • AC interface (12 phase) • Ripple suppression • Filters • Cable impedance • Charge/Discharge cycles

15. Remaining Issues Power Electronic Discretes • GTOs vs IGBTs • 12” wafer platforms • Cryo-Bipolars • Minority carrier concentration • Doping profiles • Computer simulation

16. Remaining Issues • Safety • Generation (high pressure electrolysis) • Cryocoolers • Liquid vs Pressurized Gas • Flow Rate Losses • Storage & Delivery Hydrogen Issues

17. SuperCable Prototype Project H2 e– Cryo I/C Station H2 Storage SMES 500 m Prototype “Appropriate National Laboratory” 2005-09

18. North American 21st Century Energy SuperGrid Urban Biomass H2 HTGCR Nuclear Plant Commercial e– H2 Solar Roofs H2 e– e– H2 Energy Storage e– BMW Z9 Residential Heavy Industry

19. A Vision Realized… “…an admirable work of science and patriotism.” Marquis de Lafayette …on first visiting the Erie Canal