CHAPTER 21...CIVIL RIGHTS

1. CHAPTER 21...CIVIL RIGHTS Identifications

2. 106. Thurgood Marshall-starting in ’38, he directed a team of NAACP lawyers that would win 29 of 32 segregation argued before the US Supreme Court over the next 23 years…his most stunning victory was

3. 107. Brown vs. Topeka BofE-May ’54, father of Linda Brown charged BofE was denying his daughter, Linda, of her rights by denying her admission to white elementary school 4 blocks from her house…nearest all-black elementary was 21 blocks away…Supreme Court struck down segregation in schools as unconstitutional…affected 12M schoolchildren in 21 states.

4. 108. “Little Rock Nine”-Sep ’57…nine black students who volunteered to integrate Little Rock’s (ARK) Central High School…Ark Gov Orville Faubus ordered National Guard to turn students away…President D.D. Eisenhower “nationalized” the Guard and ordered 1000 paratroops to Little Rock…Faubus closed school at end of year.

5. 109. Rosa Parks-Dec ’55, a seamstress and NAACP officer, sat in the front row of a “colored” section of a Montgomery (ALA) city bus…when asked to move so a white man could sit there…she refused, was arrested…bus boycott.

6. 110. Martin Luther King, Jr-26-yr old pastor of Baptist Church, elected to head Montgomery Improvement Association…adopted the concept of… • 111. civil disobedience-refusal to obey an unjust law.

7. 112. SCLC-created in 1957, by King and other ministers/civil rights leaders “to carry on nonviolent crusades against evils of second-class citizenship.”…used black churches as base to stage protests and demonstrations throughout the South.

8. 113. sit-ins-black American protesters sat down at segregated lunch counters and refused to leave until they were served…first used by CORE in 1942…used by SCLC in Feb ’60 in Greensboro NC…resulted in violence-movement moved to the North with pickets around national chain stores that were segregated.

9. 114. freedom riders-’61, white civil rights activist and CORE members planned bus trip across the South hoping for violence-so the Kennedy administration would have to enforce desegregated seating at terminal and on interstate bus routes…one bus burned-got their violence (beatings) and national press-forced Kennedy to enforce desegregation in all interstate facilities.

10. 115. James Meredith-Sep ’62, won court case which allowed him to enroll in all-white University of Mississippi…Gov refused to allow him to register-Kennedy intervened with federal marshals…riots (2 deaths), 200 arrests…marshals accompanied Meredith to classes and protected family.

11. 116. Freedom Summer-civil rights groups recruited college students (and trained them in nonviolent resistance)…1000s (mostly white, about 1/3 female) went to Mississippi to register voters—which would influence Congress to pass a voting rights act…3 disappeared (2 whites) and were killed…during summer, killings/violence continued-black Americans needed voice in political arena…

12. 117. Fannie Lou Hamer-daughter of Mississippi sharecroppers led Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party…spoke at 1964 Democratic National Convention-told of her arrest and beating for registering to vote in ’62…televised speech shocked nation…LBJ fearing he would lose Southern white vote offered compromise—MFDP would get 2 of Mississippi’s 68 seats-Hamer and others felt betrayed by MFDP.

13. 118. Voting Rights Act of 1965-eliminated literacy tests and allowed federal examiners to register voters who had been denied locally…some felt that the Act did not do enough to discrimination…violence in the North.

14. 119. de facto segregation-segregation that exists by practice and custom…harder to fight than… • 120. de jure segregation-segregation that exists by law…laws could be repealed.

15. 121. War on Poverty-LBJ’s program to help impoverished Americans-unsuccessful because monies needed were used to fund the escalating Vietnam War.

16. 122. Malcolm X-black leader who urged black Americans to take complete control of their communities, livelihoods, and culture…jailed at age 20 for burglary -studied Elijah Muhammad…dropped “slave name” of Malcolm Little…released from jail, he preached whites were cause of black condition and blacks should separate from white society…advocated armed self-defense…frightened most whites and many moderate blacks.

17. 123. Nation of Islam-or Black Muslims; led by Elijah Muhammad. • 124. Stokely Carmichael-leader of SNCC…joined King and others to finish Meredith’s 225-mile “walk against fear”…arrested…when released created “Black Power” slogan…against King’s policy of nonviolent action.

18. 125. Black Panthers-Oct ’66, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale created political party in California-to fight police brutality in ghetto…preached self-defense and sold copies of Mao Zedong’s writings…shootouts with police, FBI investigations…created daycare centers, free breakfast programs, free medical clinics, etc-helped the ghettos.

19. 126. Kerner Commission-Mar ’68, created by LBJ to study causes of urban violence…issued 200,000 word report-cause: white racism…called for new jobs, new housing and end to de facto segregation.

20. 127. Civil Rights Act of 1968-most important civil rights legislation since Reconstruction…ended discrimination in housing

21. 128. affirmative action-government began to promote in ‘60’s…making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have suffered discrimination.