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Journal 1

Journal 1. What was the Council of Trent?. Homework. John Calvin (1509- 1564). Born in France Received a strong humanist education He set up his reform movement in France. Beliefs. Accepted Luther’s reform theology

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Journal 1

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  1. Journal 1 What was the Council of Trent?

  2. Homework

  3. John Calvin (1509- 1564) Born in France Received a strong humanist education He set up his reform movement in France

  4. Beliefs Accepted Luther’s reform theology Emphasized the idea of predestination (the idea that God foreknows and forejudges each person before they are born)

  5. Works • Institutes of the Christian Religion • Published in 1536 • Combined reformed theology • Gave tips on for organizing a reformed movement

  6. Church and Govt. • politics were led by Ecclesiastical Ordinances that divided the church into • Doctors- study scripture • Pastors- taught the word of God • Deacons- administered charity • Elders- ensured discipline

  7. What did Calvin believe was the fundamental purpose of the political system? To fulfill the moral law of a Christian community Church leaders made sure laws matched church teachings and vise versa.

  8. Ulrich Zwingli (1489- 1531) • Born and preached in Zurich Switzerland • Agreed with Luther on most things except for one: • He believed it was illogical to believe in consubstantiation (also called transubstantiation) the idea that the Father is present in body and blood during services in the form of the Eucharist

  9. Disagreement with Luther The disagreement over consubstantiation led to a meeting The Marburg Colloquy held in Marburg Germany in 1529 failed Although the meeting failed Zwingli laid the basis for a different style of worship In 1531, Zwingli was killed in the Swiss Civil War

  10. Anabaptism Believed membership in one religion or another was the choice of adults As a result they strongly advocated for adult baptism Tended to take the bible more literally Also believed in the separation between church and state

  11. Catholic Reformation Started with the Council of Trent in 1545 (Pope Paul III) Examine the condition of the Church and specifically define its doctrines (NOTHING ABOUT CHANGE HERE!)

  12. Catholic Reformation vs. Counter- Reformation Catholic Reformation= actions designed to revive Catholic spirituality Counter Reformation= actions designed to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation

  13. List of Actions taken by the Catholic Church: New religious orders Council of Trent Strengthening the Papacy and Inquisition Index of Prohibited Books Baroque Art

  14. 1. New Religious Orders “A religious orders are organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion” They usually live in monasteries under strict rules

  15. Jesuits • Society of Jesus (aka Jesuits) • Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) in the 1540s • Like Luther, Loyola underwent a spiritual conversion • Wrote a book entitled Spiritual Exercises which contains his famous phrase “If I see a thing to be white but the institutional church commands it to be black, I will see it as black” • No national base; saw themselves as the “troops of the Pope” • Also considered themselves missionaries to “those who did not know Christ”

  16. Jesuit contributions to the Catholic Reformation They re- Catholicized large parts of Eastern Europe in particular Poland and Hungary Focused on education and charitable works

  17. Other Catholic Orders Angela Merici founded the Ursulines to educate girls Teresa of Avila founded the Carmelites who dedicated themselves to a life of service and meditation Oratory of Divine Love a group formed by lay people, pushed for church reform and assisted one another in leading lives of simplicity

  18. New breed of strict and hardworking bishops emerge Gian Matteo Giberti of Verona, Italy Cardinal Charles Borromeo of Milan

  19. 2. Council of Trent • Meeting was a poorly attended late reaction to the Protestant reformation • Accomplishments: 1.Cardinals (most of them Italian and Spanish) eliminated many church abuses and provided a better education and regulation for local priests 2. Church refused to come to an agreement with Protestants on religious doctrine. Instead it reaffirmed distinctive Catholic practices like celibacy, the authority of the Pope and transubstantiation

  20. 3. Strengthening the Papacy and Inquisition • Papal bureaucracy was centralized and strengthened • Altered the creation of the Roman Inquisition • Designed to root out perceived heresies

  21. 4. Index of Prohibited Books Under the pontificate of Pope Paul IV “the Church clamped down on any printed materials that threatened to mislead the faithful away from the orthodox (conservative) interpretations of the magisterial (teaching authority)”

  22. 5. Baroque Art • Church patronized an artistic movement that focused on the following: • Grandeur • Illusion • Dramatic religiosity • Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini was a very important and commissioned artist at this time

  23. How successful was the Catholic Response? By 1560 religious divide was evident, Catholic response was “too little too late” Some parts of Europe had been re- Catholicized Fact: After the Council of Trent in 1564, religious agreements were no longer possible.

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