The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900

2. The Spread of the Industrial Revolution -The rest of Europe was slow to industrialize because the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars halted trade, interrupted communication, and caused inflation -Belgium led the way in adopting Britain’s new methods of manufacturing goods *rich deposits of iron and coal *waterways for transportation -William Cockerill smuggled secret plans for building spinning machinery to Belgium in 1799

3. Germany Industrializes -Lacked countrywide industrialization -rather pockets of industrialization sprung up ex: coal-rich Ruhr Valley of west-central Germany -beginning around 1835 Germany began to copy the British model -imported English equipment and engineers -built railroads that linked growing manufacturing cities to one another ex: Frankfurt with the Ruhr Valley -by the late 1800s Germany had become an industrial and militaristic giant -foreshadows future world wars

4. Expansion throughout Europe -proceeded by region rather than by country -Examples: -Bohemia developed its spinning industry -Spain’s Catalonia processed cotton -Northern Italy specialized in silk -France industrialized after 1850 when the central government constructed railroads -Some nations did not industrialize -Ex: Austria-Hungary

5. City Growth

12. Inventions:The Spinning Jenny

13. The Cotton Gin: by Eli Whitney

15. John Kay’s Flying Shuttle

16. Watt’s Steam Engine

19. Impact of the Steam Engine • The steam engine was the most important industrial invention • Aside from the ability to create tools and other useful items, the steam engine powered the railroads • The Rocket: 16 mi/hr • Created large national markets for shipping goods. • Reduced the cost of shipping • 20% of industrial made products in the world came from England.

20. Population Boom • England experienced a population boom in cities (urbanization) due to the availability of jobs. • Historians today view the pop. boom as positive because it promoted industrial growth. • Critics: • Thomas Malthus: believed pop. Increase outgrew food. Society would need famine/war/disease to check the growth. • David Ricardo: believed too many workers would drive down wages. Called “iron law of wages”

21. Government Support • Many governments throughout Europe financially supported industrialization. • Offered tariff (tax) protection • Funded railroad production • Governments wanted their countries to be modern so that they could keep up with the rest of Europe. • European nations like Germany, followed Economic Nationalism • A policy dedicated to protecting industry in the nation. Taxed foreign made goods so that people would only buy nationally made good.

22. Factory Life and Child Labor

23. Factory System • Factories were unsanitary and equipment was unsafe • People worked long hours (14+ hours a day/6 days week) • Workers received very poor wages (especially women & children) • Severe discipline by factory owners • Coal miners lifespan was generally 10 years shorter on average

24. Child Labor • Children as young as 6 were forced to work 12-14 hours a day • Received very short breaks if any • Were beaten if they stopped working or got too tired. • Operated large heavy machinery-often injured or killed children

25. “Kids at Work”

31. The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900

32. Coal Miners