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The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY. Late 18 c : French Economic Advantages. Napoleonic Code. French communal law. Free contracts Open markets Uniform & clear commercial regulations Standards weights & measures.

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The Industrial Revolution

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  1. The Industrial Revolution By: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

  2. Late 18c: French Economic Advantages • Napoleonic Code. • French communal law. • Free contracts • Open markets • Uniform & clear commercial regulations • Standards weights & measures. • Established technical schools. • The government encouraged & honored inventors & inventions. • Bank of France  European modelproviding a reliable currency.

  3. French Economic Disadvantages • Years of war • Supported the AmericanRevolution. • French Revolution. • Early 19c  Napoleonic Wars • Heavy debts. • High unemployment  soldiersreturning from the battlefronts. • French businessmen were afraid totake risks.

  4. Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?

  5. Industrial England: "Workshop of the World" That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

  6. The Enclosure Movement

  7. The Enclosure Movement End of 3-field and fallow system New crops introduced: wheat, turnips, barley, clover 1760: Enclosure acts passed in Parliament Enclosure hurt small farmers and landowners Did not harm landless laborers Gave them opportunities to earn wages/increase in tenant farmers

  8. The Enclosure Movement • Effects: smaller proportion of population engaged in agriculture in West • Frees laborers to engage in industrial work • 1700-1760: bountiful crops allowed English to spend income on more than just survival • Lived better than other poor people in Europe • Most people were wage-earners in UK

  9. “Enclosed” Lands Today

  10. Supply of Capital Britain had an effective central bank Well-developed, flexible credit facilities Use of paper money instrumental to facilitating capital transactions Factory owners were merchants and entrepreneurs who profited from the cottage industry

  11. Early Industrial Entrepreneurs • British were interested in wealth and profit • Fortunes were quickly made and lost • Early structure of firms fluid • Family proprietorship and friends helped to facilitate operations

  12. Mineral Resources Ample supplies of coal, iron ore Britain was small; transportation easy Abundant waterways and rivers New roads, bridges, canals built with private and public funding By 1789, major industrial centers linked together No customs barriers like on the Continent

  13. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

  14. Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

  15. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] • More powerful than water is coal. • More powerful than wood is iron. • Innovations make steel feasible.*“Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”* “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.*Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

  16. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

  17. Coal Mining in Britain:1800-1914

  18. Young Coal Miners

  19. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

  20. British Pig Iron Production

  21. Role of Government • Parliament contributed to stable economy by providing a stable government • Passed favorable laws that protected private property • Freedom for private enterprise

  22. Markets • 1660-1760, Exports quadrupled • Vast colonial empire • Well-developed merchant marine to transport goods world-wide • Produce goods demanded abroad cheaply • Markets for durable goods in Americas, Africa, and East

  23. Technological Changes • Cottage industry • Hargreaves: Spinning Jenny • Arkwright: Water frame • Crompton: Spinning mule • Kay: Flying Shuttle • Cartwright: Power loom

  24. Jacquard’s Loom

  25. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

  26. The Power Loom

  27. Textile FactoryWorkers in England

  28. Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory System” The “Water Frame”

  29. Factory Production • Concentrates production in oneplace [materials, labor]. • Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. • Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor. • Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

  30. Steam Engine • Revolutionized production industry • Newcomen created pump to remove water from mines; burned coal to produce steam • Watt improved highly inefficient machine by adding a separate condenser • Needed precision tools; teamed up with toy maker Matthew Boulton • Absolutely fundamental to increased production

  31. James Watt’s Steam Engine

  32. The Factory System • Rigid schedule. • 12-14 hour day. • Dangerous conditions. • Mind-numbing monotony.

  33. The Factory System • New discipline for workers • Workers not accustomed to regular hours • Owners had to create a system of time-work discipline, working regular hours with set tasks over and over again • Regulations were tough and detailed • Fines for minor infractions: late for work, (half-hour fine) • Dismissal for drunkenness

  34. The Factory System • Values re-enforced by Methodism: reborn in Jesus • People must forgo immoderation and follow disciplined path • Laziness and wasteful habits were sinful • Acceptance of hardship in this life paved the way for the joys of he next • Middle-class values of hard work, discipline and thrift underscored

  35. Textile FactoryWorkers in England

  36. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

  37. Steel Production • 1740: 17,000 tons produced • 1840: 3,000,000 tons produced • Henry Cort: Puddling process refined pig iron with coke • Steel production centered in Sheffield: coal field+ iron ore+ cooling water= high production of steel • Needed for machines, railways, ships, iron buildings

  38. Steam Tractor

  39. Railroads • Railways began in Germany in 1500, GB in 1600 in coal mines: handcarts filled with coal pushed along parallel wooden rails, reducing friction • 1700: wooden rails replaced with cast- iron rails • 1804: Richard Trevithick pioneered first steam-powered locomotive in Wales: pulled 10 tons of ore and 70 people at 5 miles an hour

  40. An Early Steam Locomotive

  41. Later Locomotives • George Stephenson and his son: better engines in their shop in Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Rocket • 1830: 1st public railroad: 32 miles long from Manchester to Liverpool: 16 miles per hour • By 1850, Locomotives reached 50 mph • 1840, GB had 2,000 miles of railroads; by 1850, 6,000 miles had been laid

  42. Later Locomotives

  43. The Impact of the Railroad

  44. Impact of Railroads • Huge capital demands for railroads encouraged middle-class investors to create more joint-stock companies • New job opportunities for farm laborers and peasants • Cheaper and faster transportation reduced price of goods, created larger markets, re-enforced idea of self-sustaining industry • Entrepreneurs re-invested profit, expanding productivity

  45. Steam Ship

  46. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

  47. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

  48. Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on Display

  49. Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

  50. The "Haves": Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution

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