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THE PLANTS

THE PLANTS. Eukaryotic Domains. Supergroup Plantae. Original photosynthetic symbionts Includes the red algae and the green plants All with somewhat simple walls. Green Plants. Chlorophylls a and b Walls of cellulose Store starch. Green Plants.

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THE PLANTS

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  1. THE PLANTS

  2. Eukaryotic Domains

  3. SupergroupPlantae • Original photosynthetic symbionts • Includes the red algae and the green plants • All with somewhat simple walls

  4. Green Plants • Chlorophylls a and b • Walls of cellulose • Store starch

  5. Green Plants FIGURE 1. MAJOR CLADES OF THE GREEN PLANTS.  This system reflects all of these changes in the taxonomy of the Viridiplantae with two subkingdoms: Chlorobionta and Streptobionta.  See the Tree of Life Project and Palmer et al. (2004) for the consensus view of the molecular/ ultrastructural relationships between the higher taxa of the green plants. CH = Chlorobiont Clade ST = Streptobiont Clade EM = Embryophytes VP = Vascular Plants SP = Seed Plants

  6. Generalized plant life history

  7. Green algal diversity

  8. Bryophytes

  9. Tracheophytes • Plants have vascular tissue • Xylem • Phloem • Usually with stems, roots, and leaves

  10. Ferns

  11. The Seed

  12. Conifers and other Gymnosperms

  13. Flowering plants • Contain flowers • Fruit is derived from the ovulary of the flower

  14. Flower

  15. Placement of ovulary

  16. Major Types of Flowering Plants • Primitive Dicots • Magnolias and their relatives • Monocots • Derived Dicots

  17. Primitive Dicots Amborella, sister to all other living flowering plants Water Lilies

  18. Magnolias and their Relatives Magnolia flower Avacado

  19. Monocots Orchid Wheat

  20. Derived Dicots

  21. Flowers –large and small Wolffia in flower, floating plant Rafflesia, largest flower, related to euphorbias and parasitic on vines of SE Asia Amorphophallustitanum, largest unbranched inflorescence, an aroid.

  22. Arrangements of flowers

  23. Largest Inflorescence

  24. Types of fruits

  25. Major Events in Plant Evolution • Appearance of land plants initially limited to mosses and relatives during Ordovician Period (~470-440 mya) based on fossil spores. • Plants restricted to lowlands and wet areas of temperate to tropical latitudes. Mosses growing in a Scotland bog, their success related to symbioses with fungi. Likely, this was true at the time of the earliest emergence. (David Beerling, University of Sheffield)

  26. Life on Land Advantages Disadvantages Exposure to UV light Need for water storage and uptake Need for photosynthate used for support • Unfiltered light • Atmosphere larger reservoir of CO2 • Initially, fewer predators?

  27. Major Events in Plant Evolution • Vascular tissue • Shift to dominance of spore-producing portion of life cycle Restoration of Cooksonia from Silurian Vascular tissue in stem of Rhynia, lower Devonian

  28. Major Events in Plant Evolution Late Devonian Pennsylvanian

  29. Major Events in Plant Evolution The Seed

  30. Major Events in Plant Evolution

  31. Major Events in Plant Evolution

  32. Major Events in Plant Evolution These are from the lower Cretaceous, but flowering plant pollen has been found in strata 100 my earlier.

  33. Major Events in Plant Evolution

  34. Wasp attempting to copulate with an orchid The Bee Orchid

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