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Chapter Sixteen

Chapter Sixteen. Psychological Disorders. CHAPTER 16 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS. Schizophrenia. Hallucinations Delusions Positive symptoms Negative symptoms. Figure 16.2 Outcomes of Schizophrenia Takes Several Forms. Schizophrenia. Genetics of Schizophrenia Concordance rates

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Chapter Sixteen

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  1. Chapter Sixteen Psychological Disorders

  2. CHAPTER 16PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

  3. Schizophrenia • Hallucinations • Delusions • Positive symptoms • Negative symptoms

  4. Figure 16.2 Outcomes of Schizophrenia Takes Several Forms

  5. Schizophrenia • Genetics of Schizophrenia • Concordance rates • Genetic marker • Saccades • Environmental Contributions to Schizophrenia • Urban environment • Poverty, poor nutrition, and stress related to racism • Prenatal environment • Maternal exposure to famine or viral infection

  6. Figure 16.3 The Influence of Genetics on Schizophrenia

  7. Figure 16.4 A Possible Genetic Marker for Schizophrenia

  8. Schizophrenia • Brain Structure and Function in Schizophrenia • Enlarged ventricles • Hippocampus organization • Hypofrontality • Adolescent loss of gray matter • Biochemistry of Schizophrenia • Dopamine hypothesis • Glutamate

  9. Figure 16.5 Schizophrenia Is Associated with Enlarged Ventricles

  10. Figure 16.6 Cell Arrangements in the Hippocampus Appear to be Disorganized in Cases of Schizophrenia

  11. Figure 16.7 Hypofrontality

  12. Figure 16.8 Schizophrenia is Associated with Larger Losses of Gray Matter in Adolescence

  13. Figure 16.9 Correlations Between Dopamine Activity Levels and Behavior

  14. Schizophrenia • Treatments of Schizophrenia • Phenothiazines • Tardive dyskinesia • Newer antipsychotic drugs • Psychosocial rehabilitation

  15. Figure 16.10 The Introduction of Typical Antipsychotic Medications Reduced the Number of Institutionalized Patients

  16. Figure 16.11 Tardive Dyskinesia Can Occur as a Side Effect of Treatment with Typical Antipsychotic Medications

  17. Figure 16.12 Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Reduces Auditory Hallucinations

  18. Mood Disorders • Major Depressive Disorder • Genetics of Depression • Moderate role – heritability 33% • Environmental Factors and Depression • “Dutch Hunger Winter” • Significant stressors • Brain Structure and Function of MDD • Reduced volumes in the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex • Sleep patterns reflect circadian rhythm disturbances

  19. Figure 16.14 Depression is Associated with Abnormal Patterns of Sleep

  20. Figure 16.15 The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Plays an Important Role in Stress and Depression

  21. Mood Disorders • Major Depressive Disorder • Biochemistry of Depression • Monoamine activity and serotonin activity • Cortisol level • Treatment of Depression • 30-35 % treated with SSRIs show complete remission • Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

  22. Figure 16.16 Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy

  23. Mood Disorders • Bipolar Disorder • Causes of Bipolar Disorder • Genes play significant role • Dietary influence • Brain Structure and Function in Bipolar Disorder • Hippocampal volume • Enlargement of amygdala • Biochemistry and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder • Lithium

  24. Anxiety Disorders • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Intrusive Thoughts and Repetitive Behaviors • Germs and disease, fear for safety, moral concerns • Hand washing, checking, counting, touching • Causes • 63-87% concordance rates • Abnormalities in circuits connecting thalamus, basal ganglia, and orbitofrontal cortex • Treatments • Antidepressant medications and SSRIs • Deep brain stimulation

  25. Figure 16.19 OCD and Behavioral Treatment

  26. Anxiety Disorders • Panic Disorder • Strong sympathetic arousal • Repeated panic attacks • Role of sodium lactate

  27. Anxiety Disorders • Post-traumatic Stress Disorder • “Shell shock” or “battle fatigue” • Triggered by explores to combat, natural disasters, accidents, assaults, and abuse • Hippocampus • Decrease in benzodiazepine receptor binding in frontal cortex

  28. Autism • Deficits in behavioral domains, communications, and social relatedness • Causes of Autism • Strong genetic role (90 % concordance) • Multiple environmental factors • Brain Structures and Function in Autism • Abnormal acceleration then deceleration in growth • Minicolumns • Cerebellum and amygdala • Mirror neurons

  29. Autism • Biochemistry and Treatment of Autism • Serotonin • GABA • Glutamate • Excess peptides from gluten and casein • Treated with intensive, early childhood learning experiences

  30. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder • Genetics of ADHD • Significant role – 80 % concordance rate • Brain Structures and Function in ADHD • Prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia • Biochemistry and Treatment of ADHD • Stimulant medication • Behavioral therapy

  31. Antisocial Personality Disorder • “Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others” • Genetics of Antisocial Personality Disorder • MAOA gene • Twin studies • Brain Structure and Function Antisocial Personality Disorder • Limbic structures • Damage to orbitofrontal cortex

  32. Figure 16.20 The Orbitofrontal Cortex

  33. Figure 16.21 Brain Activity Among Murderers

  34. Antisocial Personality Disorder • Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder • Complicated by classification procedure • Learning models • Anger control • Social skills • Moral reasoning

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