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The American Response to the Holocaust: A Historical Overview

This overview explores America's complex response to the Holocaust, starting from 1919 when Lodge opposed the League of Nations through key events including the rise of Hitler in 1933, anti-Nazi rallies, the enactment of Nuremberg Laws, and America's participation in the Evian Conference. It examines how isolationist sentiments influenced immigration policies, leading to the tragic fate of the SS St. Louis and the limited response to Jewish refugee crises. This historical account calls into question the American press's role in reporting these atrocities and reflects on the lessons learned for contemporary society.

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The American Response to the Holocaust: A Historical Overview

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  1. America and the Holocaust

  2. Is This American History? • 1919 Lodge sinks League of Nations • http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/lodge_leagueofnations.htm • American Isolationism ensues • 1929 Immigration Quotas set • 1933 Hitler rises to power in Germany

  3. March 27, 1933 -- Mass anti-Nazi rally held in Madison Square Garden, New York. • September, 1935 -- Nazis enact the Nuremberg Laws.

  4. 1936…America participates in the Olympics. • July 6, 1938…America and 31 other countries participate in the Evian Conference to deal with refugee crisis • http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Holocaust/evian.html • November 9-10, 1938…Kristallnacht. Night of Broken Glass.

  5. Wagner Rogers Bill • Early 1939. Wagner Rogers Bill proposes American Kindertransport. Admitting 20,000 children above quota. • Gallup Poll: 77% of mothers opposed!

  6. SS St. Louis • June, 1939: SS St. Louis refused entry into Cuba and US. • Forced to return, some 750 passengers perish in the Holocaust • http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Holocaust/stlouis.html

  7. June, 1941 -- New rules in the U.S. cut refugee immigration to about 25% of the relevant quotas. • October 11 -- "New York Times" story reports on massacres of thousands of Jews in Galicia. • July 21, 1942 -- Twenty thousand people gather in New York's Madison Square Garden to protest the Nazi atrocities.

  8. August 8, 1942 -- Gerhart Riegner informs U.S. consulate in Geneva about a Nazi plan to murder the Jews of Europe. • December 8 -- Jewish leaders meet with President Roosevelt and hand him a 20-page summary of the Holocaust.

  9. April 19th, 1943– Bermuda Conference convened to deal with refugee crisis and possibility of rescue. • January 22, 1944 -- President Roosevelt establishes the War Refugee Board. • August -- Nine hundred eighty-two refugees, most of them Jewish, arrive at Fort Ontario in upstate New York. • August 14, 1944 -- War Department writes that bombing Auschwitz would divert air power from “decisive operations elsewhere.”

  10. Beyond Belief by Deborah Lipstadt • War Atrocity Stories • American Press and the incredulity of American post war response • What does this say about the press today?

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