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Understanding the Endocrine System: Hormones and Glands Explained

Explore the fascinating world of the endocrine system, known for producing hormones that regulate metabolic processes, influence cellular activities, and maintain balance in the body. Dive into the functions of glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal, and learn about various types of hormones including steroids, amines, peptides, and more.

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Understanding the Endocrine System: Hormones and Glands Explained

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  1. Endocrine System Hank

  2. Word parts • -crin: to secrete • Diuret-: to pass urine • Endo-: within • Exo-: outside • Hyper-: above • Hypo-: below • Para-: beside • Toc-: birth • -tropic: influencing

  3. Vocabulary • Hormones: substances secreted by the endocrine system and enter the blood stream, acting on target cells • Targetcells: cells with specific receptors on which hormones can take action • Paracrinesecretions: affect only neighboring cells • Autocrinesecretions: affect only the secreting cell

  4. Characteristics of the Endocrine System • Uses chemical signals that bind to receptor molecules • Help regulate metabolic processes • Control the rate of chemical reactions • Transport substances across cell membranes • Regulate water and electrolyte balances • Produce hormones

  5. Hormones • Steroids: formed from cholesterol • Examples: estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol • Amines: formed from amino acids • Examples: norepinephrine and epinephrine • Peptides: formed from amino acids • Examples: antidiuretics, oxytocin, thyrotrophin • Proteins: formed from amino acids • Examples: parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, Glycoproteins: formed from a protein and a carbohydrate • Examples: follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone

  6. Steroid Hormones • Carried in the bloodstream • Soluble in lipids (oils) • Can diffuse across cell membranes • Activates genes on DNA to make proteins

  7. Non-steroid Hormones • Amines, peptides and proteins • Bind to receptors in target cell membranes • Delivers a message to the target cell (signal transduction) • Starts a biochemical chain reaction to alter cell processes

  8. Prostaglandins • Prostaglandins: a group of biochemicals that regulate cells • Produced by the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, thymus, pancreas, brain, and reproductive organs • Very potent and synthesized just before they are released • Act locally, not over the entire body

  9. Control of Hormone Secretions • The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland’s release of hormones that stimulate other glands to release hormones • The nervous system stimulates glands directly Ex: adrenaline being released in times of panic 3. Glands respond directly to changes in the internal environment Ex: Insulin being released when blood glucose levels are high

  10. The Pituitary Gland • ThePituitarygland: (hypophysis) located at the base of the brain in the hypothalamus • Controlled by the brain • Each hormone acts on a specific group of cells • Some hormones inhibit actions but most stimulate actions to happen

  11. Growth Hormone • GrowthHormone (GH): stimulates cells to increase in size and divide • Speeds up the rate of cellular metabolism • Nutrition affects the amount of growth hormone available

  12. Hormones in the Pituitary Gland • Prolactin (PRL): stimulates a woman’s milk production in women and maintains normal sperm production in men • Thyroid-stimulatinghormone (TSH): controls the thyroid excretions • AdrenocorticotropicHormone (ACTH): controls the production and secretion of hormones in the adrenal gland

  13. Hormones of the Pituitary Gland • Follicle-stimulatingHormone (FSH) and LuteinizingHormone (LH): hormones of the reproductive organs • Ovaries: stimulates release of egg into the uterine tube • Testes: stimulates production of sperm • AntidiureticHormone (ADH): regulates the water concentration of body fluids • Oxytocin (OT): contracts smooth muscles in the uterus and stretches the cervix and the birth canal during childbirth

  14. Thyroid Gland • ThyroidGland: secretes hormones that will be released into the blood stream at a later time • Thyroxine (T₃) and triiodothyronine (T₄): help regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins • Have a lot of iodine in them • Calcitonin: regulates the concentrations of blood calcium and phosphorus

  15. Parathyroid Glands • ParathyroidGlands: located beside the thyroid glands • ParathyroidHormone (PTH): increases blood calcium and phosphorus concentrations • Affects bones: stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts • Affects kidneys: stimulates kidneys to conserve calcium and release phosphorus • Affects intestines: stimulates calcium absorption from food

  16. Adrenal Glands • AdrenalGlands: a mass of adipose tissue near the kidneys • Epinephrine and norepinephrine: have long lasting effects • Increase heart rate, breathing rate and blood glucose levels • “Fight-or-flight” response

  17. Adrenal Gland • Aldosterone: helps regulate the concentration of mineral salts • Conserves sodium and excretes potassium • Stimulates water conservation • Secreted if blood pressure falls too low

  18. Adrenal Gland • Cortisol: affects glucose metabolism and influences protein and fat metabolism • Keeps blood sugar levels normal between meals • AdrenalSexHormones: Stimulated at early development of reproductive organs • androgens: male and estrogens: female • found in the skin, liver and adipose tissue

  19. Pancreas • Pancreas: has both exocrine and endocrine glands • Exocrine: secrete digestive juices • Endocrine: secrete hormones • Glucagon: stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert amino acids into glucose to RAISE blood sugar levels • Insulin: stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose to LOWER blood sugar levels

  20. Other Glands • PinealGland: secretes melatonin when it gets dark • Melatonin: acts on regions of the brain that function as the “biological clock” • Regulates your day and night cycles • Thymus: in the lungs and secretes thymosins • Thymosins: affect the production of white blood cells

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