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The Internet and New Technologies: The Media Converge

The Internet and New Technologies: The Media Converge. Chapter 9. “As governments, corporations, and public and private interests vie to shape the Internet so it suits their needs, the questions of who will have access to it and who will control it are taking on more urgency.”.

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The Internet and New Technologies: The Media Converge

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  1. The Internet and New Technologies: The Media Converge Chapter 9

  2. “As governments, corporations, and public and private interests vie to shape the Internet so it suits their needs, the questions of who will have access to it and who will control it are taking on more urgency.”

  3. The Internet’s Early History • Military function • Developed by U.S. Defense Department in 1958 during Cold War struggles with Russia • Designed to develop and test technological innovations • Civic roots • Connected large research companies and several universities • Called ARPAnet or “the Net”

  4. Early Functions of the Internet • E-mail • Developed by Ray Tomlinson • Enabled researchers to communicate • Bulletin boards • Posted information on particular topics like health, technology, or employment services

  5. The Net Widens • Microprocessors • Developed in 1971 • Enabled the development of first personal computers • Fiber-optic cable • Developed in mid-1980s • Enabled rapid data transmission • ARPAnet ends in 1990 • NSF allows commercial activity on network in 1991

  6. Web 1.0 • Developed in late 1980s • Tim Berners-Lee of Switzerland • Used HTML (HypterText Markup Language) • Allowed computers using different operating systems to communicate • Enabled Web browsers to help users navigate easily

  7. Web 2.0 • Encouraged media convergence • Different types of content coming together • Includes features like • Instant messaging (Skype, Gchat, iChat) • Social networking sites (Facebook, Xanga) • Blogs (Talking Points Memo, TMZ) • Wikis (Wikipedia, WikiMapia)

  8. 8 NEWS STORIES THAT BROKE ON SOCIAL MEDIA

  9. Social Media Issues 49.1% of people have heard breaking news on social media that turned out to be FALSE!

  10. Web 3.0 • Changes cannot always be predicted • How content will be consumed, paid for and distributed is uncertain • Promises new innovations • Greater bandwidth for faster, more graphically rich 3-D applications • Layered databases • More personalized, or targeted, content • More mobile connectivity and convergence

  11. Money In, Money Out • Internet service providers (ISPs) • Broadband edging out dial-up • AOL loses monopoly • Web browsers • Microsoft, Apple, Google major players • Internet Explorer dominant • Directories and search engines • Yahoo! early innovator, Google now dominates • E-mail

  12. Web Advertising • Early roots • Display ads placed on Web pages • Not very profitable • Today • “Sponsored links” on search engines: advertisers pay for each click-through • Social networking sites send users targeted ads by sifting information from search terms, e-mails, profile information

  13. The Noncommercial Web • Open-source software • Source code can be updated by anyone • Linux • Digital archiving • Internet Archive: text, moving images, audio, software, Web pages • Open Content Alliance: all books in public domain, focus on collective ownership of public resources • Google Book Program: commercial competitor

  14. Security and Appropriateness • Information security • Government surveillance • Online fraud • Phishing • Unethical data gathering • Cookies, spyware • Online predators • Use Internet to meet potential victims • What should be online? • Children’s Internet Protection Act of 2000

  15. Closing the Digital Divide • Access increasing among some groups • Older Americans • Less educated citizens • Many individuals still lack access to Internet: • Lower-income citizens • People in developing countries • Efforts to remedy include: • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation • Wi-Fi

  16. Ownership and Customization • Commercial growth has outpaced nonprofits • Large corporations have gained much control • Defenders of the Digital Age • Makes life more enjoyable • Mass customization inspires creativity • Others want to regulate the Net • Commercial interests have too much control • Information determined, limited, controlled by corporate interests

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