The Early Industrial Revolution; 1760-1851

1. The Early Industrial Revolution; 1760-1851 Chapter 22

2. Causes of the Industrial Revolution

3. Population Growth Increasingly larger population in Europe Ex. England and Wales 1688 = 5.5 million 1801 = 9 million 1851 = 18 million Widespread resistance to disease and more reliable food supplies Corn and potatoes from the Americas

4. Increased food supply and job opportunities People married younger Had more children Younger population increased the work force Child labor Immigration to the colonies in America

5. The Agricultural Revolution Increased food production provided for a working urban class Potatoes Yielded two or three times more food per acre than wheat did Corn (maize), turnips, legumes and clover could also be fed to cattle Cow manure was used as fertilizer

6. Rural tenant and subsistence farmers could not take a risk on trying something new Large land owners had the land enclosed and they were given titles to land that had once been common land “Enclosure” forced small scale farmers to move to the cities or emigrate

7. Trade and Inventiveness Population growth demanded improvements Roads were improved to allow stage coaches to travel faster Additional craftsmen were trained China, silk and carpet production Cottage industries emerged Merchants would drop off supplies and pick up finished products

8. Increased trade Middle class could afford tea, sugar, cotton textiles, iron hardware, and pottery Science increased production and trade Inventions to help increase trade Benjamin Franklin experimented with electricity Montgolfier brothers created the hot air balloon Claude Chappe, first semaphore telegraph Eli Whitney and John Hall, machines that made other machines

9. Britain and Continental Europe Economic growth in the North Atlantic Great Britain Rising standard of living, 18th century Good harvests, growing population, overseas trade Mining and metal industries willing to experiment Largest merchant marine, produced more ships

10. Political and social differences Monarch and nobility held less power than in France, Spain, and Austria; power was not as centralized Class lines were not sharply drawn Government contained fewer bureaucrats Intermarriage between the classes was common Guilds were weak and could not effectively resist change Transportation Navigable rivers and canal system Coastline with many safe harbors No tolls Travel by water was cheaper than overland trade

11. Highly commercial More people involved in production and trade Patent system Financial and insurance institutions Continental Europe Higher transportation costs Rigid social structures Government regulations 1789-1815 many wars

12. Industrialization began after the revolutionary wars Belgium and Northern France were first Britons went to Continental Europe to begin industrialization Abundant coal and iron-ore deposits By the 1850’s France, Belgium and the German states were in the middle of an industrial boom based on iron, cotton, steam engines and railroads

13. The Technological Revolution

14. Mass Production Pottery Industry Necessary because the cost of pottery from China was high Middle class interest in tea, coffee and cocoa made it necessary Josiah Wedgewood Developed the pyrometer Used division of labor to produce china cheap enough for the middle class Created identical plates and cups

15. Purchased a steam engine for his factory One of the first times an engine was used in a factory Allowed him to lower his costs Increase quality Employed several hundred workers

16. Mechanization: The Cotton Industry Largest industry in this period Due to high costs, Europeans wanted to import cotton fiber and make it into cloth 1764 - Spinning Jenny – turned cotton fibers into thread 1769 - Water Frame – Richard Arkwright, spun stronger fibers, needed water power 1785 – Mule - Samuel Crompton, finest thread available

17. Weaving technology had to keep up 1784 – power loom – perfected by 1815 By the 1830s, large English factories powered by steam engines could turn cotton fiber into printed cloth The price of cloth fell by 90%between 1782 and 1812

18. Made cotton America’s most valuable crop 1793 - Cotton Gin – Eli Whitney – separated the seeds Cotton plantations spread through the south American cotton industry by the 1820s

19. Iron Industry Iron had been used in Africa and Asia for thousands of years Song China was using cast iron Iron processing led to deforestation, which drove prices up. Iron was rare and valuable outside of China before the 18th century

20. In Britain Experiments with different fuel sources to smelt the iron Used coke (coal in which the impurities have been cooked out) instead of charcoal Made wrought iron fairly cheap Less destructive to forests Cheap and useful Used to build the Crystal Palace

21. Cheap iron Led to mass production of guns, hardware and tools Manufacturers turned to interchangeable parts Identical parts By mid-19th century interchangeable parts were used in firearms, farm equipment and sewing machines

22. The Steam Engine First machine to transform fossil fuels into mechanical energy 1702-1712, Thomas Newcomen; inventor A substitute for animal, human, wind and water power More powerful and didn’t tire Set the Industrial Revolution apart from earlier periods of growth and innovation

23. James Watt, 1769, improved the steam engine Patented his idea Used less fuel than the Newcomen engine Soon used in mines, flour and cotton mills, pottery manufacturing Used in river boats by 1790 Opened the United States up to movement on rivers and canals Not used in ocean going ships until the technology improved

24. Railroads First steam locomotive 1825, Great Britain, after much improvement to the engine First rails connected mines, cities and ports Soon passenger trains Railroads were faster, cheaper and more comfortable Soon, railroads covered Eastern America Opened the Midwest to settlers

25. Communication over Wires First telegraph Early 1800s After the invention of the battery Samuel Morse developed a code Railroad companies used telegraphs first, the lines were run along the tracks Announced the departure and arrival of trains 1851, first submarine cables across the English Channel Communication increased

26. The Impact of the Early Industrial Revolution

27. The New Industrial Cities Dramatic environmental changes in the cities Both cities and towns grew quicker than ever Some individuals became very prosperous Built homes, churches, museums and theaters in wealthy neighborhoods

28. The largest population increase was among the poor Unhealthy living conditions in tenements People lived in overcrowded row houses Several families were often forced to live in one room

29. Urban problems grew more serious People threw their sewer and trash out the windows into the streets The poor kept pigs and chickens while the rich kept horses Factories caused air and water pollution People drank water contaminated by sewage and industrial runoff Railroads brought noise and pollution

30. These conditions brought about diseases Smallpox, dysentery, and tuberculosis had been there Rickets – lack of sunshine Cholera- on ships from India Average life span in England in the 1850’s was 40 Average life span in Manchester was 24 and only 17 in the poorest neighborhood

31. Municipal reforms bring change in the mid 19th century Garbage removal, water and sewage systems, parks and schools

32. Rural Environments Almost all had been altered by humans before the industrial revolution in Britain Pastures, and farmland Deforestation Timber to build ships and houses, used to heat homes and manufacture bricks, iron, glass, beer, bread and other items

33. American environment changed even faster American and Canadian governments seized land from natives Made it available at low costs to white farmers Shipped lumber to Britain Cotton plantations Cut forests, grew cotton and depleted the soil and moved on Americans thought of nature as an obstacle

34. Industrialization helps the environment in Europe Did not rely on wood for building ships or powering industry New transportation Governments did not pay attention to roads Canal systems were built railroads

35. Working Conditions Carpenters, metalworkers and machinists in great demand Some workers became engineers Some took their knowledge to other places The majority Worked for low pay Repetitive and boring jobs Long workdays with few breaks Accidents were common

36. Industrial work for women Away from the home Women worked in the textile industries Made 1/3 to ½ of what men made Left their babies with we nurses (expensive), or brought them to work and drugged them Domestic services Another option, but risk of sexual abuse and low pay Many tried to work at home doing laundry and sewing at home.

37. Child labor Working parents brought their children to work because there were no schools Child labor was cheaper They were better at moving around the machines Factories often hired orphans Often worked 14 to 16 hours a day and were beaten if they made mistakes or fell asleep Children often worked in mines as well because of their size

38. American industry Textile mills in America tended to hire women, but offered a moral dormitory lifestyle for unmarried women Soon longer hours, harsher working conditions, and lower wages took hold Slavery in the south Continued to grow strong because of the booming textile industry and the demand for coffee and sugar

39. Changes in Society Business cycles Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth then back to hard times Handloom weavers became destitute Factory workers suffered from high food prices and a few years later would be able to afford semi-luxury goods

40. “Hungry Forties;” 1847-1848, potato crops failed in Ireland ¼ of the Irish population died Workers standard of living really only improved after the 1850s Cheaper food, clothing and utensils Some industrialists buy their way into high society Middle class women became responsible for the home, the servants, the education of the children and the family’s social life.

41. Middle class success stories believed in the power of the individual Most had worked their way up to wealth Felt that those that did not succeed should blame themselves The middle class claimed moral superiority and felt helpless against low class drunkenness, prostitution and child abandonment

42. New Economic and Political Ideas

43. Laissez Faire and Its Critics Laissez Faire = Let Them Do Adam Smith (1723-1790) Economist, wrote The Wealth of Nations If individuals are allowed to seek personal gain, it would increase the general welfare Government should stay out of business, except to protect private property Should allow duty free trade with other countries Capitalism not mercantilism

44. Smith persuaded governments Reduced trade regulations after 1815 Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo Blamed the workers troubles on high population Encouraged later marriage and abstinence Laissez Faire Encouraged banks, stock markets and joint stock companies Popular with business men

45. Positivists and Utopian Socialism Positivism Scientific method could solve social and technical problems Concern for the poor Recommended that the poor, guided by scientists and artists, form workers’ communities Workers seemed uninterested

46. Utopian Socialism Charles Fourier (1768-1837) Imagined an ideal society where groups of workers would live in dormitories and would work together on the land and workshops They would have pastries and wine Utopia = “nowhere”

47. Protests and Reforms Workers benefited little from these ideas and reforms Changed jobs frequently, often absent, and their quality of work was often poor Periodically rioted or went on strike Did not change the industries

48. Workers joined together Formed societies based on getting universal male suffrage Shorter workdays Mass movements Persuaded parliament to look into industrial workers’ lives

49. The Factory Act of 1833 Prohibited the employment of children younger than nine in textile mills Also limited the working hours of children The Mines Act of 1842 Prohibited the employment of women and the employment of boys under age 10 underground Corn Laws – repealed in 1846 Tariffs on imported grain were dropped

50. Industrialization and the Non-Industrial World

51. Non-industrialized regions were selling raw materials to industrialized nations China no longer had the best manufactured goods India and Egypt were receiving cheap industrial imports which delayed their own industrialization

52. Great Britain used steam powered, steel warships to attack China This small island country was ready to expand again