TIMELINE OF MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE + DESIGNS BY LEON KRÜGER ARCHITECTS

1. TIMELINE OF MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE + DESIGNS BY LEON KRÜGER ARCHITECTS The buildings designed by Leon Krüger Architects (“LKA”) contextualised within the development of Modernist Architecture from the 1940s to 2003

2. 1940s to 1970s International style 1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture 1970 onwards High-tech Architecture 1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture 1940s to 1960s Googie Architecture 1980s – Critical Regionalism Late 1980s Deconstructivism 2000 onwardsSustainable Architecture 2003 onwards Blobitecture LKA - Sunninghill Hospital, Johannesburg, 1991 LKA – Republic Observatory, Sutherland, 1978 (Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry. (Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building. LKA - CSIR Convention Centre, Pretoria, 1975 (Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it. LKA – Grosvenor Corner, Johannesburg, 1996 (Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. LKA – GNLD Distribution Centre, Longmeadow, Johannesburg, 2006 (Left) MCDONNELL PLANETARIUM - A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture - upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon. LKA - Nestlé Distribution Centre New Germany, KwaZulu-Natal, 1994 LKA – Tonga Rural Hospital, Mpumalanga, 1997 (Right) SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE - Uses contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning – emphasising topography, climate, light, tectonic form and the tactile sense. LKA – Federated Forum Building, Pretoria, 1983 (Right) IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM, MANCHESTER, UK - Fragmentation, non-linear processes of design, distortion and dislocation of structure and envelope - move away from 'rules' of modernism such as "form follows function” & "purity of form“. (Right) K2 APARTMENTS, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA - Environmentally-conscious design techniques – Focus on energy efficiency. LKA – Hitachi Offices, Boksburg, 2008 (Right) LONDON CITY HALL Buildings with organic, amoeba- shaped, bulging forms. LKA – Sandhurst Offices, Johannesburg,2006