English-Chinese Simultaneous Interpreting

1. English-Chinese Simultaneous Interpreting By Shiliang Yuan

2. I. A Brief Introduction to the Simultaneous Interpreting A. What is Simultaneous Interpreting? B. An Overview of the Simultaneous Interpreting

3. A. What is Simultaneous Interpreting? • simultaneous interpreting 同声/同步传译 • or conference interpreting 会议传译 • the interpreter speaks at nearly the same time as the speaker, giving the portion he understood bit by bit. • the most widespread mode of interpreting in the international community, especially at conference and formal meetings. • almost a must for the meetings with more than two working languages

4. B. An Overview of the SimultaneousInterpreting • 1. the development of SI • 2. the characteristics of SI • 3. the basic requirements for SI • 4. the professional codes of conduct of SI • 5. the criteria of SI • 6.the types of SI • 7. the process of SI • 8. the practical tips for SI

5. 1.the development of SI • started in Europe, four historical events stimulated the development of the profession: • the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 • the Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals during 1945-1946 the founding of the UN in 1945 • the organization of AIIC

6. 2. the characteristics of SI • heavy load • 责任大：重要场合 重要任务 涉外 • extreme difficulty • 高难度： 任务急 题材广 • high intensity • 高强度：连续性 突击性

7. Basic requirements for the interpreters -- professional consciousness • A good mastery of the working language • Strong culture awareness • Sufficient knowledge • ( know everything of something and something of everything. 既是专才，又是通才）

8. The techniques needed in interpreting • Psychological competence; • i.e. being quick-witted, calm and resourceful (反应灵敏、镇定自如、随机应变） • team working

9. 4. Professional Codes of Conduct of SI • Confidentiality (observe the secrecy保密) • Impartiality ( keep fair中立） • Accuracy (准确） • Objectiveness （实事求是） • Punctuality (守时) • Competence (maintain the professional standard） • Great Responsibility

10. ５．The criteria of SI • Faithfulness（达） • Expressiveness（顺） • Quickness （快）

11. ６. The types of SI • Normal simultaneous interpreting (常规同传) • sight interpreting (视阅口译) • whisper interpreting (耳语口译) • simultaneous reading interpreting • （同声传读）

12. ７. The process of SI • Listening to the discourse in the source language • Understanding and analyzing the discourse • Reconstructing the discourse in the target language • ( because the nature of SI , the acceptable quality or standard of interpreting in SI can be below the quality required in CI.)

13. ８．The Practice of  SI • theoretically at least two interpreters in the booth at all times, helping each other. • the active one----producing a TL speech • the passive one---listening ,not speaking • they are not be seen ,version is heard in headphone through microphone .

14. The working mode • Speaks at nearly the same time as the speaker, half a sentence or a sentence behind the speaker in terms of content. • Works on the message bit by bit, giving the portion understood while analyzing and assimilating the next idea.

15. 8.Practical tips • One ear may be better than two • A survey show 4 out of 5 professionals normally keep an earphone off one ear, either completely or a little. If both ,they feel too tight , and they claim releasing one ear, they “feel better” or “hear better”. Whatever there is clearly room for individual preference. • Please find out one ear really works better than two , if so which is the better ear to you.

16. Two colleagues are better than one • Take turns in doing it when fatigue sets, generally 20 – 30 minutes • The non-speaking one can help in every possible way by getting the document or the text referred by the speaker, writing down the information , passing notes etc.

17. Microphone manners for beginners • Try to make the voice pleasant to listen to . • Avoid a monotonous tone • Always seek to be clear, natural and lively • Speak always from the same distance from the microphone and not turn away while interpreting. • Don’t breathe heavily, rustle papers, pour out water, drum the fingers on the work surface, etc. in front of the open microphone, avoid nosy bangles in the booth.

18. Having more practice • as volunteers to take part in the activities . • get a Performance Evaluation Sheet ready. In it with your name, working time, place, service and the person and his position who you served for .When the job done, ask the organizer or the client to give you an evaluation . It is useful when asking for a job, these sheets are as good as any certificates you have.

19. Having further study • Get training • Sit for the test for the certificates • Apply for the position in the translation institutes and companies

20. II. Basic skills training in SI • Shadowing (原语重复，影子训练） • ---building up power of retention • listen to the speaker at the same time repeat every word ,lagging 5-10 seconds behind • (Listening and practicing ,first in Chinese then in English )

21. Checking : • China’s rapid economic development has been received with mixed feelings by Southeast Asian countries. On the one hand, China’s economic growth will create stability and stimulate trade and investment in whole region. On the other hand , these development mean that Southeast Asian countries have to compete against China for export markets and foreign investment.

22. multi-tasking（多任务训练．即：一心两用—干扰练习）multi-tasking（多任务训练．即：一心两用—干扰练习） • while repeating the speech try to write down a list of numbers 1,2,3…upward or backward 100,99, 98…, even a phrase , a sentence, e.g 你吃饭了吗？ I’ll go to Beijing . • ３ways of practice • 原语跟读 • 原语跟读与原语重复 • 原语跟读与目的语重复

23. Explaining / Paraphrasing（换句话说—原语释义） • Explain in another way for what you hear, sentence by sentence . • The example in checking can do like this . • China’s rapid economic development has been viewed differently by southeast Asian countries. Some think it will bring peace and prosperity ,while others think it means market and investment competition.

24. Summing up (简而言之—原语概括） • Get the main meaning in the precise way 。 • 用简洁的话语对所听到的内容加以提炼，将其核心内容总结出来。 • The example above can be summed up :China’s rapid economic development means opportunity and competition to Southeast Asian countries. • Example 7 P24

25. Converting and concluding 改头换面---译语概括 • 将原语内容用译语予以概括。注意力集中在输入信息语核的理解上，不受英语句型结构和具体词汇的影响，用简洁的汉语把原话的主要信息表达出来。 • Example 7 P24 • P27

26. Sight interpreting--- • A stepping-stone to SI. • The input and output are in close proximity in time, scanning the text for meaning in the SL while speaking in the TL. • As in SI ---the SL is head while the TL is produced. • 练习时，边看边译，要求保持一定的速度，不能回看。起始阶段，可先做同声传读。

27. My delegation will show flexibility in the consultation on the program of work. • 我国代表团将灵活的磋商工作计划。 • We should help in ways which are mutually beneficial to both developing and developed countries. • 我们援助的方法应同时有利于发展中国家和发达国家。

28. Tape- practice • A qualified SI interpreter is trained at least 1000—1200 hours in the lab. • Recorded your interpretation and check it. • Mimic conference • .Set a topic • Group work • True to life

29. III. The basic principles of SI • 1.syntactic linearity　顺译 • 2.liberal interpreting　意译 • 3.revising　　适当调整 • 4.simplified　合理简约 • 5.emphazied 语气

30. Linearity(顺译／顺句驱动） In order to follow the speaker , try to minimum the time difference between the TL and SL. We can make the sentence as word-groups or idea units, then by means of dividing ,adding , converting etc, to organize the sentences. That is linearity. 顺着听到的原语语序，以相对独立的意群为单位切成语义完整的短句的方法

31. Frankly speaking, / ideas and goods will travel around the globe/ with or without our help. • 坦率地说，思想和商品将会在全球流通，不管有没有我们的帮助。 • It has been 20 years /since I first cam to Shanghai/ on my first visit to China/when I stayed in Jinjiang Hotel. • 20年前，我第一次来上海，那是我首次访华，当时住在锦江饭店。

32. Please allow me to say a few words on behalf of my colleagues at the College of Foreign Language and Culture. • 请让我说几句话，来代表我的同事，外文学院的同事表达心意。 • The answer to the question of whether one should continue using this method depends completely on whether it is really effective • 要知道是否可以继续使用这种方法，这完全取决于它是否真的有效。

33. 2.liberal interpreting　意译

34. Coping tactics in comprehension • Delaying the response----delay a second or a few seconds to have some time for thought while receive more information from the SL speech • Reconstructing the segment with the help of the context---- not properly heard or understood , try to construct it in the mind with the knowledge , the subject and the situation • Using the boothmate’s help--- with a glance or a movement of the head . The passive one devotes full attention to the listening, has a better chance of understanding and can consult a glossary , documents etc. then give the information in writing

35. Coping tactics in reconstruction • Super ordinating---replacing a segment or set of language items with a more general one. e.g. not sure the trade names IBM, DeLL, or Compaq, can simply use “ a number of computer vendors” to replace the segment.

36. Explaining and paraphrasing--- understanding a term but not know the appropriate equivalent in the TL , can explain it, e.g. “ acculturation” ( adapting to or adopting a different culture) in Chinese “文化移入”， “涵化”explained as “经过文化交流或各种文化之间的取纳或借鉴”.

37. Mimicking the sound--- • When encountering a name or a technical term ,but not known or recognized, may try to reproduce the sound as heard , a kind of parrot-repetition, e.g. hearing “ eye ell oh” but fail to understand it immediately, may just repeat it. In fact it is ILO, the abbreviation for the International Labor Organization of the UN( 联合国国际劳工组织）Possibly , as the speech goes on , it may occur to you , or the delegates may know what it meant even though you do not.